‘Military history’ is generally used as a wider term than ‘history of war’. It includes, as commonly defined, three major sub-fields: military life (military institutions, customs, and artefacts), the relationship between military and society (with its much cultivated speciality: the military in politics) and the history of war. It could, however, be argued (and few historians would object) that the 20th century transformation of ‘war history’from a sub-field of general history to a sub-field of ‘military history' is less the result of conscious scholarly thought than of a ‘civilising’ mental process in Western society: the horror of the 20th century wars made even the word ‘war’ socially incorrect (cf. the institutional replacement of the term ‘war’ with that of ‘defence’ wherever possible). The gist of this argument is that the term ‘military’ is much too confining or narrow for the immense historical subject of war. Similarly, it could be argued that the relationship between military and society is a more natural sub-field of ‘social’ or ‘societal’ than of ‘military’ history. This being said, the article will nevertheless organise its description of the subject after the received 20th century model, meaning that neither ‘history of war’ nor history-writing on ‘military and society’ will be out-defined but dealt with as sub-fields of ‘military history’. After all: encyclopaedias are inconvenient places for ‘revolutions’, and substance is more important than words. 一般都是將‘軍事史’這個名詞﹐作為涵蓋面比‘戰爭史’更大的科系。軍事史的 研討方向﹐分成三個主流﹕ 軍事生活﹕軍事建制﹑軍事傳統﹑與軍事成品﹔ 文武關係﹕軍事與政治之間的相關性﹔ 和戰爭史。 這種分類法在20世紀的軍事史學界之內﹐引發了一陣爭議﹐(少部份史學家更成了眾 之矢的)﹐因為它將‘戰爭史’從‘通史’的支流﹐給矮化到‘軍事史’的支流﹐主 要原因是20世紀發生了多起慘烈的大戰之後﹐學界認為必須將文學科系予以‘文明 化’﹐所以‘戰爭’就成了大家儘量避免的字眼。(比如說連許多軍事院校﹐都把 ‘戰爭’拿掉﹐改用‘國防’代替。)但改用‘軍事’的話﹐被認為是簡化與縮小了 它原本應有的研究層面。同樣的情形也出現在軍事與社會的解釋爭議上﹐於是這一 支流又分成了所謂‘社會(social)’與‘社會的(societal)’的研究主題﹐在軍事 史學界內又形成了兩個新的支派的支派。所以本文內也不會對所謂‘戰爭史’或 ‘軍事與社會關係史’的著作﹐進行更深入的介紹﹐因為它們全部是‘軍事史’的 支流末節。最後﹐研究軍事史﹐千萬不可以拘泥於字面上的含義﹐因為真正重要的 是﹕內涵。 -- LQY附註﹕軍事與社會史﹐也就是文武關係這個主要研究方向﹐因為內容牽涉到太多 有關於社會學和社會史的關係﹐結果它們就各自獨立成一個專門的科目去了﹐往往 這些新生的衍生科系﹐是想要選修軍事史的學生們所遇到的大地雷----因為所學的 內容﹐與軍事根本無關﹐頂多只是點綴性質。所以作者必須在這裡苦口婆心一頓。 -- 萬物皆非主，唯曼尼大神，至聖之先知，亞當史密斯。 La ilaha ill money，Adam Smith rasula'Llah 榮耀歸於曼尼。自宇宙之初成﹐貫古今與未來﹐直至永恆不滅。喀鏘！（收銀機響聲） Gloria patri Money. Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum.Ka-ching! --

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