※ 引述《alcawei (闇夜有熊出沒)》之銘言： : 「當人在有自由意識時，所有的道德才能加諸其上」 : 這是我們哲學史老師講的話， : 應該是引自某位西洋哲學家， : 但我這個領域所接觸到的哲學家只有康德， : 請問這句話是他說的嗎？ : 如果是的話有沒有書籍可以參考一下呢？謝謝^^ 我無法確定與這句逐字相同的論述是誰創始的，不過從部分希臘人有宿命論觀點後， 就啟發了自由意識的討論。 可能約在西元147~161年間，基督教哲學家殉道者游斯丁(Justin the Martyr, Justin of Caesarea, Justin the Philosopher)在他的著作First Apology ch. 42,(p. 177)就有內涵幾乎相同，但是字句不完全相同的描述： And again, unless the human race have the power of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not accountable for their actions, of whatever kind they be. But that it is by free choice they both walk uprightly and stumble, we thus demonstrate. 較完整的引述： http://www.achurchinfortcollins.org/justinmartyrfreewill.php But lest some suppose, from what has been said by us, that we say that whatever happens, happens by a fatal necessity, because it is foretold as known beforehand, this too we explain. We have learned from the prophets, and we hold it to be true, that punishments, and chastisements, and good rewards, are rendered according to the merit of each man's actions. Since if it be not so, but all things happen by fate, neither is anything at all in our own power. For if it be fated that this man, e.g., be good, and this other evil, neither is the former meritorious nor the latter to be blamed. And again, unless the human race have the power of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not accountable for their actions, of whatever kind they be. But that it is by free choice they both walk uprightly and stumble, we thus demonstrate. We see the same man making a transition to opposite things. Now, if it had been fated that he were to be either good or bad, he could never have been capable of both the opposites, nor of so many transitions. (First Apology, ch. 42, p. 177) But this we assert is inevitable fate, that they who choose the good have worthy rewards, and they who choose the opposite have their merited awards. For not like other things, as trees and quadrupeds, which cannot act by choice, did God make man: for neither would he be worthy of reward or praise did he not of himself choose the good, but were created for this end; nor, if he were evil, would he be worthy of punishment, not being evil of himself, but being able to be nothing else than what he was made. (Ibid., ch. 43, p. 177) -- 上月球!月球是中國人吳剛不可分割的一部分 抓嫦娥!此女意圖分裂中國領土脫離中國掌握 殺玉兔!玉兔為資產階級之玩物!日帝之玩偶! --

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