※ 引述《alcawei (闇夜有熊出没)》之铭言： : 「当人在有自由意识时，所有的道德才能加诸其上」 : 这是我们哲学史老师讲的话， : 应该是引自某位西洋哲学家， : 但我这个领域所接触到的哲学家只有康德， : 请问这句话是他说的吗？ : 如果是的话有没有书籍可以参考一下呢？谢谢^^ 我无法确定与这句逐字相同的论述是谁创始的，不过从部分希腊人有宿命论观点後， 就启发了自由意识的讨论。 可能约在西元147~161年间，基督教哲学家殉道者游斯丁(Justin the Martyr, Justin of Caesarea, Justin the Philosopher)在他的着作First Apology ch. 42,(p. 177)就有内涵几乎相同，但是字句不完全相同的描述： And again, unless the human race have the power of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not accountable for their actions, of whatever kind they be. But that it is by free choice they both walk uprightly and stumble, we thus demonstrate. 较完整的引述： http://www.achurchinfortcollins.org/justinmartyrfreewill.php But lest some suppose, from what has been said by us, that we say that whatever happens, happens by a fatal necessity, because it is foretold as known beforehand, this too we explain. We have learned from the prophets, and we hold it to be true, that punishments, and chastisements, and good rewards, are rendered according to the merit of each man's actions. Since if it be not so, but all things happen by fate, neither is anything at all in our own power. For if it be fated that this man, e.g., be good, and this other evil, neither is the former meritorious nor the latter to be blamed. And again, unless the human race have the power of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not accountable for their actions, of whatever kind they be. But that it is by free choice they both walk uprightly and stumble, we thus demonstrate. We see the same man making a transition to opposite things. Now, if it had been fated that he were to be either good or bad, he could never have been capable of both the opposites, nor of so many transitions. (First Apology, ch. 42, p. 177) But this we assert is inevitable fate, that they who choose the good have worthy rewards, and they who choose the opposite have their merited awards. For not like other things, as trees and quadrupeds, which cannot act by choice, did God make man: for neither would he be worthy of reward or praise did he not of himself choose the good, but were created for this end; nor, if he were evil, would he be worthy of punishment, not being evil of himself, but being able to be nothing else than what he was made. (Ibid., ch. 43, p. 177) -- 上月球!月球是中国人吴刚不可分割的一部分 抓嫦娥!此女意图分裂中国领土脱离中国掌握 杀玉兔!玉兔为资产阶级之玩物!日帝之玩偶! --

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