A repost. 我把被支解的英文单字还原， 并且加上我对supsymmetry的翻译的意见。 为什麽小时候没人教我这些？ ※ 引述《supsymmetry (supsymmetry)》之铭言： : 试着翻译了一下大义,大家看看有什么不妥的地方. http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~nanay/Handouts%20133.htm How to Write A Philosophy Paper* Bence Nanay Stage 1--Developing a Paper: * Keep introductory material to a minimum. It is sufficient to orient the reader. A very common mistake is to have an overly long introduction and an overly short body to the paper. : 介绍要尽量的少,这是我的一个缺点,实际上任何学科的论文都应该作到这一点. 实际上任何文章都要做到这点。 写文章不是在写操作手册或教范。 我认为中文世界的哲学工作者或哲学学生们都得好好想想这句话。 什麽是Introduction？ 是要介绍的是你要检讨的"问题"？ 还是要介绍对这个问题表达过论点的大哲？ 或是要介绍大哲们表达过的论点？ 到底你写这篇paper的目的是什麽？ * Explain your claims. Don't just repeat them over and over in different terms. Here are some ways to explain a claim or a thesis: : 尽量少重复,重复会让读者产生厌烦感. 重点不是在减少重复。 I would say: before explaining your claim, do consider what's your claim. 重点在解释你的宣称。而且不要只是拿一些不同的用语来同义反覆。 接者举出了几种解释某个宣称或论点的方法： * Explain the claims that are opposed to the claim under consideration. : 减少重复的方法是提出与自己论点相反的论点. 重点不是在减少重复。 解释某论点的方式之一是解释与此论点相反的论点。 * Explain the right and wrong ways to interpret the claim under consideration. : 另外一种是采用不同的解释论点的方法(正确 或错误的) 另一种是解释，对此论点，哪种是正确的，哪种又是错误的解读。 * Consider an objection that is based on a mistaken interpretation. Explain why it is mistaken. : 解释为什么会得出错误的结论. 考虑对此论点错误解读而产生的反驳，并且解释为什麽这种解读是错的。 * Define or explain the terms you use. : 解释你的术语. 这里不一定要是"术语"。而是你在paper里的一些用词（可能）需要加以定义或解释。 所以才会接下去说： It is sometimes hard to know which terms do and don't need to be explained. 有的时候会弄不清到底哪些用词得加以定义或解释。 If your defense of a claim turns on a particular notion then that notion needs to be explained. : 如果一个语言符号有特殊的含义,解释它. 当你对某个宣称的辩护仰赖特定的想法。 （也就是你的用语有特定的意义），你得解释你的用词。 If a lot is hanging on a particular use of a term then that term mustn't be left imprecise. 特别是当你大部分的论据都依赖这个用词的特殊用法， 你得精确地使用、说明你用的这个词。 Here are some ways to explain a term: * Spell out contrasting or opposed terms. : 通过反义来解释. 举出一些相反或者可以与之对比相较的词。 * Clarify differences from closely related terms. For instance, 'real' as opposed to 'illusory' rather than 'real' as opposed to 'possible'. : 同构近义来解释. 这里不是在说举出的几个不同用词之间用法、意义相似。 这里是说你得澄清这些被举出来比较的词语的"差异"。 * Offer arguments to support your claims. Here are some common argument types: : 提供论据的方法: * Draw a parallel between your position and another that is obviously correct. : 类推.通过明显正确的来类推自己的论点. * Show weaknesses in your opponent's position. : 打击你的对立面的弱点. * Show that your position coheres better with the agreed upon facts than other positions. : 证明你的论点和事实更符合. "Show"离证明还有很大的距离。 用"指出"、"指明"会比较合适。 这里不是在说你的论点"更符合"事实。 我觉得"更符合"是个很怪的想法， 这让我想起我一个朋友常对他身边的女人说的话： You're either pregnant or not pregnant. There's no middle way. 这里说的是： 你得指出，同样是针对大家同意的事实，你的立场比起其他的立场要来的融贯。 * Show that your position follows from either less controversial premises or from premises that your opponent shares. : 证明你的论点是从更加不矛盾的前提推出来的,或者可以从你的对立面推出来. 指出你的立场是从较不具争议的前提推出来的， 或是从与你对立者也接受的前提而来的。 换句话说，这几点谈的是提出argument。如何argue一件事。 如何让你的论据更有说服力。 * Anticipate likely objections and defend your claim against them. : 自己树敌,再进行批驳. "自己树敌"？ 难怪苏格拉底会被抓来宰掉...难怪有些文会被砍... 挑衅可是很大的罪名啊！ Would anyone in his or her right mind want "自己树敌"？ 是世界上真的有，或者至少潜在的有，"enemy"，才会需要defence。 这里是说写paper时得猜想别人可能怎样反驳你， 把别人可能的反驳写出来，然後为你的宣称辩护。 * Try to unearth intuitions that support your position. State them in the form of a principle. Spell out what is intuitively appealing in your opponent's position and diagnose his mistake. : 把自己的论点植根于直觉,并把这个直觉当作原理.找到和你的对立面有关的直觉, : 并且分析它的错误. 这是说仔细的找找有没有支持你论点的直觉，把它用原则的形式重述。 举出你对手的论点有什麽让人们直觉觉得那是对的，找出你对手的错误。 * When you are arguing, make your assumptions explicit. This is especially important if they are controversial or not obvious. : 尽量表面化你的假设,这点在的论点似乎有矛盾或者不明显的时候特别重要. 在论证时把你预设为真的事表达清楚，特别是这些预设有争议或者并不明显的时候。 * Give brief, relevant examples. Examples make difficult, abstract philosoph ical points much clearer. : 给出简短,相关的例子,这些例子使得抽象困难的哲学观点清晰化. Stage 2--Writing and Revising: * After you have completed a first version of your paper, set it aside for a couple of days and forget about it. : 把你的论文放几天再来修改. This will help you to get some distance from it and so enable you to evaluat e it more objectively. * When you return to your paper, reread it carefully. Think what it would be like to read this paper for the first time. Look for gaps in your argument, awkward transitions, unstated assumptions, ambiguities etc. : 找出你的论文的不合理的地方. 这没有翻译任何东西吧？ 这里说的是重读自己的初稿时，把自己当作第一次看到这paper的读者。 特别是要找出论据间的跳跃、诡异的转折、没说出来的预设、模棱两可之处等等。 * Also, ask yourself the following questions: * What point is the paper making? Is it stated clearly in the paper? Does the paper argue for that point or for some other point? : 问自己几个问题:我的观点是什么?它清楚了嘛?我证明清楚了嘛? 这篇paper的主旨是什麽？ （例如：A理论是错的） 这个主旨清楚的表达了吗？ 还是其实这篇paper其实谈到别的问题上去了？ （例如：A理论没有实用价值） * What is the structure of the paper? Does it have a clear argumentative structure? : 我的论文的结构是什么?它有清楚的论证结构嘛? * Look at the paper paragraph by paragraph. Identify the function of each paragraph. How does it advance the structure or main point of the paper? Ask yourself if there is a more efficient way to organsie the paragraphs. Are some of them superfluous or repetitious? Do some of them need to be split into two smaller paragraphs? : 查看论文段落之间的逻辑关系,以及段落与主要论点的关系.能否改进.是否有重复的地 : 方.能否进一步分段? 这里在讲的是所有论说文都要有的架构。 写的每段都要有用意的，都要在paper扮演特定功能的。 然後，有个重点翻译没提到：make it efficient. Common Mistakes (How not to Write a Philosophy Paper): * Good English is important. You CANNOT write a good philosophy paper in bad English. Poor grammar and punctuation interfere with your meaning and are generally unacceptable in college level writing. Clumsy or tangled expressions spoil your arguments, insights, and explanations. Bad English is the single biggest reason that students receive low grades in philosophy courses. However, avoid adopting an overly 'literary' or affected writing style; clarity and content are more important than beauty. : 语言很重要. 语言很重要。 不过，我觉得啦，这在中文世界好像常常被忽略了。 * Do not be tempted to over-use quotations. Where possible, explain the material in your own words and use the author's words only to support contentious aspects of your interpretation. Never use quotations to pad out a paper that is too short. : 尽量少引用.仅仅用引用来证明自己的论点或者解释.绝不要用引用来增加你的文章的篇 : 幅. 为什麽我看到这点会想笑...XD * You must cite the source of any quotations longer than about 3-4 words (a footnote is sufficient). This includes material obtained from the internet. You must also acknowledge the source of any idea that is not your own. : 尽量给出引用的出处.以及别人原创的观点. 这不是"尽量"！这是写学术文章引注的规则。 * Avoid fluff, particularly at the beginning of your paper. In many papers, it is possible to delete the first few paragraphs without any loss of content. Your introduction should be short and to the point. Give a concise statement of the issue at hand, explain how you are going to tackle it, and state your thesis. : 介绍要少. "废话要少"。 写出你要处理的争点、问题是什麽， 解释你要怎样处理这个问题， 然後简单说出你的论点。 这样就够了。 * If your paper is too short, do not be tempted to pad it out with irrelevant or repetitious material. Re-read what you have written and ask the following questions: : 增加文章篇幅的方法: 这点我不知道怎麽说。 讲个题外话。以前在台湾读书时，很多老师都会要求报告的字数下限。 出国以後，看到的从来都是"上限"... 真是奇怪，这说明一定问题... * Have you defined the important concepts? : 你定义了重要的定义嘛? "你定义了重要的概念吗？" * Have you spelled out the important arguments in sufficient detail? : 论据充分嘛? 不是论据充分，而是你对论据的说明，details，是否充分。 * Have you fully answered the questions in the essay topic? : 充分的论证了论文的题目了嘛? 问你A、B、C，你是不是只回答了A和B？ * Have you considered the strongest challenges to your positions and shown why they are unsuccessful? : 你充分的迎接了对你的论点的挑战了嘛?它们是否成功? 你在paper里需要考虑对你论点的可能挑战，你当然不会认为它们成功。 这里的重点是你是否清楚表达它们"为什麽"不成功。 * If your paper is too long, it almost certainly needs to be carefully edited. Do not be tempted to console yourself with thoughts such as, "the page limit is too low", or "reading an extra page or two won't kill my GSI". Keeping the paper within the page limits is a skill that you need to acquire. : 可以保持文章的篇幅在一定的范围内,这样可以让你养成清晰,良好组织论据以证明论点 : 的习惯. It will help you to make your writing clear, well-structured and to the poin t. If your paper is too long ask yourself the following questions: : 如何减少论文的篇幅? * Do you have a clear thesis? You should be able to state it in one or two sentences. : 论点清楚嘛?能否压缩? 清楚的论点应该能用一两句话表明。 * Do you repeat yourself unnecessarily? : 不必要的重复了嘛? * Is your introduction short and consise? It should not be more than a couple of paragraphs long at most. Usually, one paragraph is sufficient. : 介绍是否太长? 简介就是要简明扼要。通常一段就够了。 * Does your paper have a clear, logical structure? : 论文有一个清晰,逻辑正确的结构嘛? * Does each paragraph express one, and only one, main point? Are your paragraphs short and simple? : 每段是否只有一个主要论点?段落是否短小和足够简单? * Does each paragraph serve a clear function? Could some of your paragraphs be eliminated without loss to the main argument? If you are very attached to a point of 'interest', consider putting it in a footnote. : 每段是否有一个清晰的目标?考虑在不影响主要论据的情况下删除一些段落.可以考虑放 : 一些内容进眉批. 这是在说，如果你拿掉某个段落不影响你整篇paper的论据， （也就是说这很可能只是相关，是岔题了） 而你又觉得这个段落谈的事，尽管与文章主旨关连不大， 却又是重要或有意思的问题， 也许把它放在脚注里。 * Can you express yourself more efficiently by omitting unnecessary words? : 忽略一些文字是否也可以表达你自己呢? * Don't be afraid to use the first-person (despite what your fifth-grade English teacher may have told you). Philosophy papers require you to state and defend your own position. Also, avoid jargon. What you write should be clear to someone outside the course. : 不要怕用第一人称.你必须为自己的思想辩护.尽量少用术语. 後面基本上都是在讲怎样写学术文章，倒不是特定对哲学论文。 --

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