试着翻译了一下大义,大家看看有什么不妥的地方. http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~nanay/Handouts%20133.htm How to Write A Philosophy Paper* Bence Nanay Stage 1--Developing a Paper: * Keep introductory material to a minimum. It is sufficient to orient the re ader. A very common mistake is to have an overly long introduction and an ov erly short body to the paper. 介绍要尽量的少,这是我的一个缺点,实际上任何学科的论文都应该作到这一点. * Explain your claims. Don't just repeat them over and over in different ter ms. Here are some ways to explain a claim or a thesis: 尽量少重复,重复会让读者产生厌烦感. * Explain the claims that are opposed to the claim under consideration. 减少重复的方法是提出与自己论点相反的论点. * Explain the right and wrong ways to interpret the claim under consideratio n. 另外一种是采用不同的解释论点的方法(正确 或错误的) * Consider an objection that is based on a mistaken interpretation. Explain why it is mistaken. 解释为什么会得出错误的结论. * Define or explain the terms you use. 解释你的术语. It is sometimes hard to know which terms do and don't need to be explained. If your defense of a claim turns on a particular notion then that notion needs to be explained. 如果一个语言符号有特殊的含义,解释它. If a lot is hanging on a particular use of a term then that term mustn't be left imprecise. Here are some ways to explain a term: * Spell out contrasting or opposed terms. 通过反义来解释. * Clarify differences from closely related terms. 同构近义来解释. For instance, 'real' as opposed to 'illusory' rather than 'real' as opposed to 'possible'. * Offer arguments to support your claims. Here are some common argument type s: 提供论据的方法: * Draw a parallel between your position and another that is obviously correc t. 类推.通过明显正确的来类推自己的论点. * Show weaknesses in your opponent's position. 打击你的对立面的弱点. * Show that your position coheres better with the agreed upon facts than oth er positions. 证明你的论点和事实更符合. * Show that your position follows from either less controversial premises or from premises that your opponent shares. 证明你的论点是从更加不矛盾的前提推出来的,或者可以从你的对立面推出来. * Anticipate likely objections and defend your claim against them. 自己树敌,再进行批驳. * Try to unearth intuitions that support your position. State them in the fo rm of a principle. Spell out what is intuitively appealing in your opponent' s position and diagnose his mistake. 把自己的论点植根于直觉,并把这个直觉当作原理.找到和你的对立面有关的直觉,并且分 析它的错误. * When you are arguing, make your assumptions explicit. This is especially i mportant if they are controversial or not obvious. 尽量表面化你的假设,这点在的论点似乎有矛盾或者不明显的时候特别重要. * Give brief, relevant examples. Examples make difficult, abstract philosoph ical points much clearer. 给出简短,相关的例子,这些例子使得抽象困难的哲学观点清晰化. Stage 2--Writing and Revising: * After you have completed a first version of your paper, set it aside for a couple of days and forget about it. 把你的论文放几天再来修改. This will help you to get some distance from it and so enable you to evaluat e it more objectively. * When you return to your paper, reread it carefully. Think what it would be like to read this paper for the first time. Look for gaps in your argument, awkward transitions, unstated assumptions, ambiguities etc. 找出你的论文的不合理的地方. * Also, ask yourself the following questions: * What point is the paper making? Is it stated clearly in the paper? Does th e paper argue for that point or for some other point? 问自己几个问题:我的观点是什么?它清楚了嘛?我证明清楚了嘛? * What is the structure of the paper? Does it have a clear argumentative str ucture? 我的论文的结构是什么?它有清楚的论证结构嘛? * Look at the paper paragraph by paragraph. Identify the function of each pa ragraph. How does it advance the structure or main point of the paper? Ask y ourself if there is a more efficient way to organsie the paragraphs. Are som e of them superfluous or repetitious? Do some of them need to be split into two smaller paragraphs? 查看论文段落之间的逻辑关系,以及段落与主要论点的关系.能否改进.是否有重复的地 方.能否进一步分段? Common Mistakes (How not to Write a Philosophy Paper): * Good English is important. You CANNOT write a good philosophy paper in bad English. Poor grammar and punctuation interfere with your meaning and are g enerally unacceptable in college level writing. Clumsy or tangled expression s spoil your arguments, insights, and explanations. Bad English is the singl e biggest reason that students receive low grades in philosophy courses. How ever, avoid adopting an overly 'literary' or affected writing style; clarity and content are more important than beauty. 语言很重要. * Do not be tempted to over-use quotations. Where possible, explain the mate rial in your own words and use the author's words only to support contentiou s aspects of your interpretation. Never use quotations to pad out a paper th at is too short. 尽量少引用.仅仅用引用来证明自己的论点或者解释.绝不要用引用来增加你的文章的篇 幅. * You must cite the source of any quotations longer than about 3-4 words (a footnote is sufficient). This includes material obtained from the internet. You must also acknowledge the source of any idea that is not your own. 尽量给出引用的出处.以及别人原创的观点. * Avoid fluff, particularly at the beginning of your paper. In many papers, it is possible to delete the first few paragraphs without any loss of conten t. Your introduction should be short and to the point. Give a concise statem ent of the issue at hand, explain how you are going to tackle it, and state your thesis. 介绍要少. * If your paper is too short, do not be tempted to pad it out with irrelevan t or repetitious material. Re-read what you have written and ask the followi ng questions: 增加文章篇幅的方法: * Have you defined the important concepts? 你定义了重要的定义嘛? * Have you spelled out the important arguments in sufficient detail? 论据充分嘛? * Have you fully answered the questions in the essay topic? 充分的论证了论文的题目了嘛? * Have you considered the strongest challenges to your positions and shown w hy they are unsuccessful? 你充分的迎接了对你的论点的挑战了嘛?它们是否成功? * If your paper is too long, it almost certainly needs to be carefully edite d. Do not be tempted to console yourself with thoughts such as, "the page li mit is too low", or "reading an extra page or two won't kill my GSI". Keepin g the paper within the page limits is a skill that you need to acquire. 可以保持文章的篇幅在一定的范围内,这样可以让你养成清晰,良好组织论据以证明论点 的习惯. It will help you to make your writing clear, well-structured and to the poin t. If your paper is too long ask yourself the following questions: 如果减少论文的篇幅? * Do you have a clear thesis? You should be able to state it in one or two s entences. 论点清楚嘛?能否压缩? * Do you repeat yourself unnecessarily? 不必要的重复了嘛? * Is your introduction short and consise? It should not be more than a coupl e of paragraphs long at most. Usually, one paragraph is sufficient. 介绍是否太长? * Does your paper have a clear, logical structure? 论文有一个清晰,逻辑正确的结构嘛? * Does each paragraph express one, and only one, main point? Are your paragr aphs short and simple? 每段是否只有一个主要论点?段落是否短小和足够简单? * Does each paragraph serve a clear function? Could some of your paragraphs be eliminated without loss to the main argument? If you are very attached to a point of 'interest', consider putting it in a footnote. 每段是否有一个清晰的目标?考虑在不影响主要论据的情况下删除一些段落.可以考虑放 一些内容进眉批. * Can you express yourself more efficiently by omitting unnecessary words? 忽略一些文字是否也可以表达你自己呢? * Don't be afraid to use the first-person (despite what your fifth-grade Eng lish teacher may have told you). Philosophy papers require you to state and defend your own position. Also, avoid jargon. What you write should be clear to someone outside the course. 不要怕用第一人称.你必须为自己的思想辩护.尽量少用术语. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- * The handout is partly based on Diana Flemming's teaching material. --

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