※ 引述《ilha (Formosa)》之銘言： : ※ 引述《lonestar (孤星星)》之銘言： : : 就我所知，Khan與Khagan的等級一開始是有所不同的。在蒙古帝國時，成吉思汗一直是拼 : : 寫為Chinggis Qan，Qan有主權的意思。不過Chinggis (Ocean or universal)的修飾，變 : : 成使成吉思汗仍然具有至高的地位。到了窩闊臺就改用Khagan (Qa'an)了，如您所言是汗 : : 中之汗的意思。不過後來的蒙古史家逐漸把兩者混用，才出現了您所說的這種狀況。 : 繁《突回研究》劉義棠(著)，經世書局(印行)，民79年1月初版 : P79 : Qaghan一稱，漢譯作「可汗」，中國典籍常註曰：應讀作「客寒」。 : 本出自吐谷渾社會之民間尊稱，至柔然酋長社崙始用作部落首長之官 : 稱。因人、因地之不同，而有各種不同之讀音書寫。惟自此以後，歷 : 經突厥、回紇、蒙古，均曾作為部落首長之官稱。 : P439 : 合罕即可汗之異譯，同為自柔然社崙以來部落首長之稱Qakhan之漢譯。 : Qakhan之與Khan絕對是毫無區別，學者論證甚多，無待贅言。 : P440 : 總之，無論何種說法，汗即合罕或可汗，成吉思合罕即成吉思汗，則 : 絕無疑義。 針對這點，劉義棠教授可能真的是誤會了。根據Igor de Rachewiltz的說法，成吉思汗被 稱為Qa'an (khagan)是忽必烈可汗以後的事。成吉思汗在世時被稱為Qan (khan)，後來在 《蒙古秘史》音寫本才被系統化的改寫為Qa'an。參見Igor de Rachewiltz, trans., The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century, 2nd ed. (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2006), 222。 : 簡《中古北族名號研究》羅新(著)，北京大學出版社(出版)，2009年3月第 : 一版 : P2 : 可見可汗(Khan、kagan、Qaghan)一辭，雖然從語源(Etymology)上看 : 可能並非阿爾泰(Altaic)語系原生詞彙，但至少在鮮卑語中早已存在 : ，可汗並非始見於柔然。 : P7 : 有的學者推測大小可汗的區別在於"可汗"(Qakhan)與"汗"(Khan)的不 : 同。其實，可汗與汗源於同一個詞彙，至少在突厥史料中看不到以二 : 者區分多汗制下不同可汗等級的用例。 因為那不是用來區分等級的，而是字義的不同。前者是王號，後者有主權之意。下次有機 會，也許再當面向羅新老師請教一下。 : 繁《突厥研究》林恩顯(著)，臺灣商務印書館(發行)，民76年7月7日 : P57 : 在突厥的封建政治結構中，「可汗」常不僅一位，其中治於領土中央 : 的一位稱為「大可汗」，為「極尊」(隋書突厥傳)，亦即形式上、名 : 義上唯一最高的主權者、君主。其他諸可汗均為「小可汗」。 : P58 : 總之，在突厥國家全體而言，事實上「大可汗」非現實的唯一最高的 : 主權者、君主地位。突厥「小可汗」分立形勢，特別以沙缽略可汗時 : 代以前最為顯著，西突厥更是如此，因此突厥國家一般而言可謂分權 : 封建國家焉。 小可汗與大可汗權力之間沒有必然關係是很清楚的。但是這跟khagan與khan的用法似乎沒 有關係。 : 簡《中國古代北方遊牧民族兩翼制度研究》肖愛民(著)人民出版社，2007 : 年12月第一版 : P92 : 柔然每位新可汗的即為並不是在先可汗死後自動承襲，而是作為法定 : 程序必須要經過貴族大會──國人會議的推舉，這是柔然可汗繼承中 : 最為顯著的特徵。 : p93 : 其與匈奴單于位的繼承上所實行的制度一樣，是世選制度，即可汗是 : 由國人會議在郁久閻氏家族的男系子孫中進行推選的制度。 柔然確實是很早就使用這個稱號，下面我有更清楚的回應。 : ---------------------------------------------------------------- : 因有參考價值之片段仍多，恕不一一茲引。「可汗」與「汗」乃是同源辭 : ，其差別並不明顯，在語源上雖可能並非阿爾泰語系的原生詞彙，但是至 : 少在鮮卑語中早已經存在。隴西鮮卑、吐谷渾、鮮卑文帝(沙漠汗)都有稱 : 可汗跟汗的早期紀錄。吐谷渾君主早期稱單于、後期改稱可汗，似見可汗 : 辭意原初並非為君王之意，因為尚有「單于」的尊號存在。 : 文獻上最早將「可汗」轉為高級政體元首稱謂的是柔然君主社崙，自號為 : 「丘豆伐(豆代)可汗」，意思大概是駕馭開張皇帝，可汗此後便演變為游 : 牧行國主的官稱，一個可汗會擁有可汗號(美稱，例如：丘豆伐)與君主官 : 稱(君主名號，即：可汗)。 : 擁有「眾汗之汗」意涵的詞彙，應該是「古(菊、葛、闊)兒汗(罕)」即 : 「gur-khan」，而該王號在西遼君主、札木合......等等都有使用過，且 : 這些國家或勢力都滅亡了，用的次數也太多，無法顯示出鐵木真的優越， : 因此在鐵木真第二次稱汗的時候，遂選擇成吉思汗(成吉思合罕)的尊號， : 置古兒汗之名於不論。 : 以上。 我同意Khagan (khaan)與Khan (Qan) 有同源關係，後來也的確有混用。但是兩個字的用 法確實存在過差異。以下我引用Christopher P. Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (New York: Facts On File, 2004), s.v. khan。我只摘譯與本 討論相關的部分，但是附上全部詞條給有興趣的板友參考。 khan (qan, khan; qaghan, qa’an, kagan, khaan) This monarchic title, ubiquitous among the Mongolic and Turkic peoples, occurs in various forms, meaning “king,”“emperor,” or “sovereign.” The earliest steppe peoples known to use the title khan were the XIANBI and their descendants, the ROURAN and the Avars, who from the second century B.C.E. to the sixth century C.E. moved east from Inner Mongolia to Europe. From 550 on the Turkish empires all titled their supreme ruler qaghan. The Mongolic KITANS were the only Inner Asian people to abandon this title in their own language, replacing it with the Chinese huangdi, or emperor, in 916. Khan（qan, khan; qaghan, qa’an, kagan, khaan）作為王號而流行於蒙古與突厥民族 中，同時也有多種不同的形式，意為國王、皇帝或主權。已知最早使用khan為王號的草原 民族是鮮卑及其後裔柔然與阿瓦爾人。西元550年起突厥帝國全面使用qaghan來稱呼其至 高無上的君主。與蒙古相關的契丹人是唯一拋棄此稱號的內亞民族，他們於916年以中文 的皇帝取代qaghan。 From the earliest Turkish sources, the word khan is found in two forms with an uncertain etymological relationship: qan and qaghan. They are related to qatun or KHATUN, “queen, empress.” In Old Turkish in the Runic and Uighur scripts, qaghan is used as a title, while qan is more abstract, meaning “ sovereign, monarch,” yet as the -gh- in qaghan weakened, the two converged in pronunciation, so that by the 11th century the lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashghari registered only khan. As Islamic titles were adopted, the title khan in the Turco-Iranian Middle East came to mean not a sovereign (who in the Turco-Iranian Islamic world bore the title sultan or shah) but a high-ranking provincial governor. In South Asia it has degenerated to a mere honorific title. 在最早的突厥史料中，khan這個字有兩種語源關係未明的形式：qan與qaghan。它們與 qatun或khatun相關，意為皇后或女王。在以魯尼與維吾爾字母書寫的古突厥文中， qaghan用為稱號，而qan的意義則是較為抽象的主權或王權。然而由於qaghan的gh音弱化 ，使得兩個字在發音上相近，以致於在11世紀的《突厥語大辭典》的作者麻赫穆德‧喀什 噶里僅將khan列入其辭典中。 It appears that 12th-century Mongolian followed later Turkish usage in using only qan, for example, in the title gür-qan, “universal khan.” Chinggis himself (r. 1206–27) bore the title qan, as is demonstrated by coins and the few surviving documents from his life. His son ÖGEDEI KHAN, however, revived the title qa’an, the equivalent of the old Turkish qaghan. This title, which became Ögedei’s posthumous reign name, was seen as having greater dignity than qan, and from then on CHINGGIS KHAN’s title was retroactively written in Mongolian as Chinggis Qa’an. During the subsequent decades qan became a title used for the subordinate khan, such as those of the IL-KHANATE and the GOLDEN HORDE, while qa’an was reserved for the emperor ruling in the east. Qan, as in Old Turkish, also retained the abstract meaning of “sovereign, monarch.” 12世紀時蒙古人承襲了晚期突厥語的用法而僅僅使用qan，例如 gür-qan ，意為世界之 汗。成吉思汗自己也使用這個稱號，如同其於錢幣與少數流傳下來的檔案所顯示。然而其 子窩闊臺重新使用了qa’an的稱號，其意與古突厥文的qaghan相同。這個窩闊臺崩逝後成 為其廟號的qaghan稱號，由於被視為比qan要來得尊貴，因此被回溯使用於成吉思汗身上， 而稱之為成吉思可汗（Qa’an）。日後qan被用來稱呼臣屬於大汗之下的領導者，如伊兒汗 國與金帳汗國的汗皆被稱為qan，而僅有東方的元朝皇帝才能使用Qa’an的稱號。Qan在古 突厥文中也維持了其意為主權與王權的抽象意義。 In later Mongolian usage qan as a title disappeared, leaving qa’an (now pronounced khaan) as the only title for any monarch and qan (now pronounced khan) as the abstract term for sovereign or monarch, especially in the plural khad. From around 1550 to 1634 the distinction between the supreme khan, or emperor of the Mongols, and a minor one was marked by giving the former a dynastic title, such as Dai Yuwan (or Dayun) Khaan, “Emperor of the Great Yuan (of the Mongols),” or Daiming Khaan, “Emperor of the Great Ming (of China),” and the latter the title simply of khaan. While the dynastic khaans were so by heredity, other khaans had, as it were, only a lifetime khanship, which their descendants had to reinforce each generation either through military achievements or through blessings from the Dalai Lama. The title khan is also used by the Manchus of the Manchu-Tungusic language family. When the Manchu QING DYNASTY conquered the Mongol Northern Yuan, the Qing emperor distinguished himself from the remaining Mongol khans not only by his dynastic title as emperor of the Great Qing (Daiching Khaan), but also by a special title, Bogda Khaan, “Holy Khan.” (This title was also adopted by the JIBZUNDAMBA KHUTUGTU when he became the last theocratic monarch of newly independent Mongolia in 1911.) Even so, the Qing in their official documents also revived the term qan/khan for a subordinate ruler. Thus, the three (later four) khans of Khalkha were always written khan, not khaan, further emphasizing their subordination to the Holy Khaan of the Great Qing. In pronunciation, however, there was no difference between the two; khan as a title was actually pronounced khaan. In modern times khaan in Mongolian is used for emperors (e.g., that of Japan), while the borrowed Chinese title wang is used for kings such as those of Spain and Jordan. The term khan is no longer used in political terminology. Further reading: Igor de Rachewiltz, “Qan, Qa’an, and the Seal of Güyüg,” in Documenta Barbarorum, ed. Klaus Sagaster and Michael Weiers (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983), 273–281. -- lonestar 貓空古典音樂板 Classics bbs.cs.nccu.edu.tw http://www.wretch.cc/blog/lonestarstar --

※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 149.159.1.95 ※ 編輯: lonestar 來自: 149.159.1.95 (01/05 03:31)