抱歉，因為我的所學有些相關，所以基於好奇我去把原文抓出來看。 不過，我先說一點: 我很高興有人能夠這麼努力地去找原文資料。 光是這一點我就覺得很棒了。(讚!) 但是，基於專業道德，我想我也必須指出您這一篇文章可能不適合在這裡使用。 以下: 1. 這篇文章是利用以色列的青少年做為樣本。樣本夠大。 2. 然而，這些樣本卻可惜地不能做為代表性樣本，因為這些樣本的選擇 在原文的"方法"中，是這樣寫的: Out of 270,000 male adolescents unselectively screened by the Draft Board, 50,413 were suspected of having behavioral problems and were referred for the in-depth psychosocial assessment. 但是他們的選擇這些樣本，是透過下列的標準: This assessment includes (a) social functioning, which assesses social potency (e.g., likes to take charge, likes to be noticed at social events) and social closeness (e.g., sociable, have close interpersonal ties); (b) individual autonomy, which assesses personal autonomy, maturity, and self-directed behavior (e.g., ability to function and make decisions independently); (c) organizational ability, which assesses compliance to time tables, self-mastery, and self-care (e.g., ability to adhere to a schedule and tidiness responsibility); and (d) physical activity, which assesses the involvement in extracurricular activities concentrating on health-related physical activities (e.g., interest in sports and hiking). The behavior is rated on a 1 (worst) to 5 (best) scale based on predetermined reliable and validated instructions. 會被選為此研究的樣本，則必須: After this initial screening interview, those adolescents who are suspected of having significant behavioral problems (approximately 15%–20% of all male adolescents screened) are referred for an in-depth psychosocial assessment. The criteria for referral for the in-depth psychosocial assessment are having one or more of the following: (a) obtaining the lowest score on rating of social functioning, (1 on a scale of 5), which is characterized by social withdrawal and paucity of close friendships, (b) documentation or self-report of present or past psychiatric symptoms, including enuresis, sleep disturbances, drug or alcohol abuse; (c) prediction by the interviewer that the adolescent will not do well in the military. 因此，這個樣本本身就已經不具可以一般化的全國樣本代表性。利用這種臨床樣本 我們只能夠把結論限制在這種臨床樣本中(有行為問題之青少年，而非一般健康之青 少年)。也因此，即便結果顯示之後因精神分裂症住院的人有著較高比例的物質濫用 史，但是，由於這群樣本本身就是一群有行為問題的青少年，我們也可以合理懷疑 這群青少年本身就有較大的可能在未來被診斷出擁有精神分裂症而需住院治療，我們 頂多只能說，或許物質濫用可能與這群青少年精神狀況惡化有關。 3.最後，我找一下他們如何定義所謂的物質濫用，我發現他們的分類方式是這樣的: a. 所濫用之物質: Although the types of drugs used are not specified, data from several door-to-door studies on drug use between ages 12–18, carried out by the Israeli health authorities in 1989, 1992, and again in 1995, the time period that the data reported here were collected, indicate that 26.8%–36.6% of those adolescents who reported using drugs used marihuana, 65.5%–84.3% used sedatives or stimulants, and 23.4–55.9% used LSD, ecstasy, or opioids. 這邊可以看出，約有1/4-1/2的人使用派對藥物。但是，同時約有60-84%的人 使用鎮靜劑或者興奮劑。 b. 研究者分類何為藥物濫用者與非藥物濫用者: The interviewer assesses whether the subject is addicted to drugs, if the use of drugs is daily or is a significant part of his lifestyle or social life, and, if these criteria are met, he is reported as a drug user in a yes–no format. Sporadic users are classified as nonusers. 我想這邊很重要: 研究者不會把樣本分類為"濫用者"，如果該青少年只是偶而為之。 必須非得要天天用或者是已經成為重要的生活風格或者社交生活，研究者 才會把該青少年分類為"濫用者"。 結論是: 嗯，我想這篇主要在講的，是那些"濫用"藥物的"有行為問題"之青少年。 我想這點必須說清楚才是。 =) ※ 引述《oesh (非人類 )》之銘言： : 1.精神分裂症 : Limited data indicate that drug abuse is already prevalent before : the manifestation of psychosis, consistent with the possibility : that drug abuse might be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. : The prevalence of self-reported drug abuse in adolescents later hospitalized : for schizophrenia was 12.4%, compared with 5.9% prevalence of drug abuse in : adolescents not later hospitalized; adjusted RR = 2.016, 95% confidence : interval: 1.309–3.104 (Wesier et al. 2003). : . : 藥物濫用 可能提升精神分裂症的風險， : 青少年"濫用藥物後即時住院"與"濫用藥物後較遲住院"得到精神分裂症之比例 : 分別為5.9%以及12.4%（Wesier et al. 2003） : 3.Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Kaplan Z, Caspi A, Yasvizky R, : Mordechai M, Knobler HY, Nahon D, Davidson M. 2003. Self-reported drug : abuse in male adolescents with behavioral disturbances, and follow-up for : future schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 54(6): 655-60. --

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