英文翻錯的話 麻煩大家更正一下 因為我不是這個領域的 所以有些東西我不太了解 1.精神分裂症 Limited data indicate that drug abuse is already prevalent before the manifestation of psychosis, consistent with the possibility that drug abuse might be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. The prevalence of self-reported drug abuse in adolescents later hospitalized for schizophrenia was 12.4%, compared with 5.9% prevalence of drug abuse in adolescents not later hospitalized; adjusted RR = 2.016, 95% confidence interval: 1.309–3.104 (Wesier et al. 2003). . 藥物濫用 可能提升精神分裂症的風險， 精神分裂去就醫的青少年中 => 12.4%承認藥物濫用 沒有精神分裂的青少年中 => 5.9%承認藥物濫用 （Wesier et al. 2003） 2.ecstasy成癮性 Animal evidence suggests that MDMA may be a less potent reinforcer than other drugs, but that it does have dependence potential. This suggests that (a) ecstasy dependence might be less likely than dependence upon other drugs; and (b) factors related to the behavioural and psychological aspects of reward and dependence may make a relatively greater contribution for ecstasy than for other drugs, where physically centred (and better understood) features of dependence may be more salient (Degenhardt et al. 2010). 動物研究顯示，ecstasy(MDDA)比起其他藥物有較低的強度， 但是依然會有可能會造成成癮性，Ecstasy的依賴情形可能低於其他藥物， 且在心理性的依賴會比其在生理上的作用多來得多（Degenhardt et al. 2010）。 3.神經損傷 Our data suggest that ecstasy use, particularly in high doses, is associated with greater parietal activation during working memory performance. An altered activation pattern might appear before changes in cognitive performance become apparent and, hence, may reflect an early stage of neuronal injury from the neurotoxic drug ecstasy (Daumann et al. 2004). 使用搖頭丸，特別是在高劑量的時候，會影響的激活頂葉的記憶區域， 激活模式的改變可能出現在認知變得明顯之前， 這可能反映了從ecstasy而來的早期神經損傷（Daumann et al. 2004）.。 參考文獻(依姓氏字母排列) 1.Daumann J, Fischermann T, Heekeren K, Thron A, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E. 2004. Neural mechanisms of working memory in ecstasy (MDMA) users who continue or discontinue ecstasy and amphetamine use: Evidence from an 18-month longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 56( 5): 349-55. 2.Degenhardt L, Bruno R, Topp L. 2010. Is ecstasy a drug of dependence?. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 107(1): 1-10 3.Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Kaplan Z, Caspi A, Yasvizky R, Mordechai M, Knobler HY, Nahon D, Davidson M. 2003. Self-reported drug abuse in male adolescents with behavioral disturbances, and follow-up for future schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 54(6): 655-60. --

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