※ [本文轉錄自 Gossiping 看板] 作者: ttucse (人醜命賤) 看板: Gossiping 標題: Re: [好奇] 請問youtube的八卦 時間: Sat Aug 26 01:11:47 2006 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube是一個網際網路網站，讓使用者上載觀看及分享短片。它是一個可供網民上載觀 看及分享短片的網站，至今已成為同類型網站的翹楚，並造就多位網上名人和激發網上創 作。 目錄 [隱藏] * 1 發展 * 2 影響及評價 o 2.1 網際網路革命：網民變信息提供者 o 2.2 網上社群 o 2.3 揭發風氣 o 2.4 侵犯版權 o 2.5 影片白癡主義 o 2.6 鼓吹社會不良風氣 * 3 注釋 * 4 外部連結 [編輯] 發展 YouTube在2005年2月由3名PayPal前僱員創辦，他們包括Chad Hurley、台灣留美學生陳士 駿（Steve Chen）、Jawed Karim。其創辦原意是為了方便朋友之間分享錄影片段，逐漸 成為網民的回憶儲存庫和作品發佈場所。 YouTube採用Macromedia Flash技術提供內容，包括影片及電視節目片段，音樂錄影帶及 家居錄影等。YouTube的片段可簡易地放入個人的blog或其他網站中。YouTube禁止用戶上 載有版權與色情內容的短片。 有研究指YouTube的網站流量需求極多，甚至每月需要付大約100萬美金的費用，因此在 2006年3月，YouTube開始在網站賣廣告[1]。 2006年4月至5月，由香港網民拍攝的短片巴士阿叔令YouTube在香港聲名大噪，該片不但 吸引很多香港網民進行二次創作，更吸引了本地及外國傳媒的報導和注意，自此，香港網 民紛紛上傳各種各類的短片至YouTube。 YouTube至2006年已有4000萬條短片，每天吸引600萬人瀏覽，在成立後的短短15個月，已 超越MSN Video與Google Video等競爭對手，成為本世紀最多人瀏覽的網站[2]。 [編輯] 影響及評價 [編輯] 網際網路革命：網民變信息提供者 科技發達、寬頻和攝影器材的普及令短片資訊大行其道。這令網民由傳統的接收資訊者， 變成資訊發佈者，網民更可成立自已的私人影院、影片發佈站、新聞站，取代傳統的傳播 媒體。如一名青年人方穎恆拍下的短片竟能帶來如此巨大的回嚮及點擊率，因此巴士阿叔 令不少香港創作人意識到網際網路世界對傳統媒體的衝擊。 Getdemocracy.com發言人穆 爾說﹕「電視及影像的傳播途徑，正由上而下的模式，轉變為由下而上。每人都可創立自 己的新聞頻道，或上載家庭生活短片。與此同時，愈來愈多人欣賞網上短片，令電視的收 視逐漸轉移至電腦屏幕[3]。」 [編輯] 網上社群 不少網民藉自拍短片分享個人珍藏和心得，如一名來自古巴的美國移民埃利亞斯對男人美 腿有特殊喜好，遂於YouTube分享其評足心得。後來他發現在Youtube有不少志同道合者， 於是成立「男人腳同好」會，3個月內已招收到逾460個會員[4]亦有英國人透過短片教美 國人吃以色列雅法橙蛋糕的方法，每天接獲約200個電郵[5]。 在香港，亦有不少網民透過上傳短片來結集志同道合者，如六四事件、七一遊行的短片。 以迷戀新聞女主播見稱的網民ae2000，亦在2006年開始到YouTube發佈自已的珍藏。 [編輯] 揭發風氣 巴士阿叔事件後，YouTube湧現了不少香港網民透過手機拍攝巴士、小巴、地鐵乘客眾生 相的影片。YouTube亦曾有一段傳統名校拔萃男書院學生，以粗口Rap歌羞罵同學的片段， 短片迅速在網上流傳，傳媒廣泛報導，那些學生的行為便被批評為影響校譽[6]。因此， youtube這種網站對短片拍攝者，甚至一般在公眾場所活動的市民也有影響。 [編輯] 侵犯版權 YouTube自成立以來，其短片曾被不少機構和公司批評為侵犯版權，如Saturday Night Live broadcast、NBC Universal、Family Guy videos owners、Turner Media、Sunrise 等[7]。 [編輯] 影片白癡主義 PC Magazine發言人稱﹕「沉迷短片很浪費時間。一旦迷上，就會變成iVideots（影片白 癡）。這可說是影片白癡主義……YouTube就像吃爆谷，令人欲罷不能」[8]。 [編輯] 鼓吹社會不良風氣 外國媒體ITV在2006年6月1日批評YouTube及近似的網站鼓吹暴力，因為這些網站上傳了由 手機拍攝的打鬥影片，雖然YouTube禁止過分暴力和色情的影片，但ITV指與這些網站溝通 時有一定困難[9]。 [編輯] 注釋 1. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube.com 2. ↑ 《YouTube掀全球短片熱 本世紀最旺網站 「巴士阿叔」熱爆香江》，原載《明 報》，2006年5月31日 3. ↑ 《YouTube掀全球短片熱 本世紀最旺網站 「巴士阿叔」熱爆香江》，原載《明 報》，2006年5月31日。 4. ↑ 《戀腳癖教欣賞男人美腿》，原載《明報》，2006年5月31日。 5. ↑ 《YouTube用家心聲﹕少女教吃橙味蛋糕》，原載《明報》，2006年5月31日。 6. ↑ 《男拔萃粗口歌網上流傳》，原載《星島日報》，2006年6月26日。 7. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube.com 8. ↑ 《YouTube掀全球短片熱 本世紀最旺網站 「巴士阿叔」熱爆香江》，原載《明 報》，2006年5月31日 9. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube Web site that allows users to upload, view, and share video clips. It was founded in February 2005 by three early employees of PayPal. YouTube now has fifty employees and is located in San Mateo, California, USA. YouTube uses Adobe Flash to serve its content, which includes clips from films and television programs, music videos, and homemade videos. Video feeds of YouTube videos can also be easily embedded on blogs and other websites. YouTube prohibits the posting of copyrighted video by anyone not permitted to do so[1]; however, restriction of copyrighted material has proven difficult. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Growth * 3 Valuation * 4 Video format and accessibility * 5 Criticisms and controversies o 5.1 Copyright infringement o 5.2 Community censorship model o 5.3 Revenue model o 5.4 Violence * 6 Spin-off sites * 7 See also * 8 Notes and references * 9 External links History YouTube was founded in February, 2005 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal.[2] Prior to PayPal, Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[3] The domain name "YouTube.com" was activated on February 15, 2005, [4] with the website launching shortly thereafter. In November, 2005, venture capital firm, Sequoia, invested $3.5 million in YouTube. [5] Sequoia Capital partner Roelof Botha, former CFO of PayPal, joined the board of directors at YouTube. In April, 2006, Sequoia Capital invested a further $8 million in YouTube. [6] The site's popularity surged in December 2005 when it hosted the popular Lazy Sunday clip from a Saturday Night Live broadcast.[7] In February, 2006, NBC Universal asked YouTube to remove several copyrighted NBC video clips, including Lazy Sunday and 2006 Olympics clips, from their site.[5][8] On March 14, 2006, YouTube set a 10-minute limit on videos, except for those uploaded through its Director Program. By June 2006, NBC had reconsidered its approach and announced a strategic partnership with YouTube. Under the terms of the partnership, NBC will among other things create an official NBC Channel on YouTube to showcase its preview clips for The Office. YouTube will also promote NBC's videos throughout its site.[9] CBS, which had previously also asked YouTube to remove several of its clips, similarly reassessed its relationship with YouTube in July 2006. In a statement indicative of how the traditional media industry's perception of YouTube has changed, Sean McManus, president of CBS News and Sports noted: YouTube Our inclination now is, the more exposure we get from clips like that, the better it is for CBS News and the CBS television network, so in retrospect we probably should have embraced the exposure, and embraced the attention it was bringing CBS, instead of being parochial and saying ‘let’s pull it down.’ [10] YouTube Also in July, 2006, Robert Tur, a television journalist, filed a lawsuit against YouTube, alleging copyright infringement. The case has yet to be resolved. [11] [12] In August, 2006, YouTube announced that within 18 months it intends to offer every music video ever created to its viewers free of charge. Warner Music Group and EMI are two companies who confirmed that they are in discussions about the plan. [13] Growth YouTube is currently one of the fastest-growing websites on the World Wide Web [14], and is ranked as the 15th most popular website on Alexa, far outpacing even MySpace's growth. [15] On July 16, 2006, YouTube announced that 100 million clips are watched on YouTube every day. An additional 65,000 new videos are uploaded every day. The site has almost 20 million visitors each month, according to Nielsen/NetRatings. [16] Valuation Although YouTube's potential market value in an acquisition is pure speculation, an article in the New York Post suggested on July 23, 2006 that YouTube may be worth anywhere from $600 million to $1 billion. [17] On August 22, 2006 the Web 2.0 blog Techcrunch suggested that Grouper's acquisition price of $65 million implies a YouTube valuation of approximately $2 billion. [2] On August 24 2006 an article on CNET's News.com exclaimed "YouTube could be a steal at $1 billion" [18] Video format and accessibility The file format used by YouTube is known as Flash Video, with extension *.flv. Videos can be downloaded off YouTube's website and viewed offline with various video player applications, however this may be a violation of copyright and is strongly discouraged. Criticisms and controversies Copyright infringement YouTube policy does not allow content to be uploaded by anyone not permitted by copyright law to do so, and the company frequently removes uploaded videos that infringe on copyrights, but a large amount of copyright-infringing material is uploaded nonetheless. Generally, YouTube only discovers these videos when they are reported by the YouTube community, or when the copyright holder reports them. The primary way in which YouTube identifies the content of a video is through the search terms that uploaders associate with clips. There is also the increasing problem of users flagging other users' original content as copyright-infringing purely out of spite. Some users have taken to creating alternative words as search terms to be entered when uploading specific type of files. Community censorship model YouTube does not have a centralized model for monitoring the content of videos uploaded to the site, instead relying on a "YouTube user community" to handle the task. Votes counted against a video cause it to be blocked or marked "inappropriate." While seemingly sensible, videos that contain nothing other than an unpopular point of view or similarly nonsensical transgressions are flagged regularly, and are more difficult to view for most visitors as a result. Revenue model Some industry commentators have speculated that YouTube's running costs — specifically the bandwidth required — may be as high as US$1 million per-month, [19] thereby fuelling criticisms that the company does not have a viable business model. Advertisements were launched on the site beginning in March 2006. In April 2006, YouTube started using Google AdSense. Violence On their 6:30 PM bulletin on June 1, 2006, ITV News reported that YouTube and sites like it were encouraging violence and bullying amongst teenagers, who were filming fights on their mobile phones (see happy slapping), and then uploading them to YouTube. While YouTube provides a facility for reporting excessively violent videos, the news report stated that communication with the website was difficult. [20] Spin-off sites The popularity of YouTube has inspired other websites into creating similar services. Examples of such spin-off sites would include XTube, TinyPic, and MySpace Videos. [21] The embeddable nature of YouTube has bred several "best of" sites as well. These sites range from small, non-commercial, independently programmed endeavours, to larger, ambitious, hierarchically displayed, viewer-rated sites. --

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