http://city.udn.com/v1/city/forum/article.jsp?no=50132&aid=2227425 May 21, 2007《紐時周報全文精譯》 無腿飛毛腿：是殘障還是超人？ Oscar Pistorius wants to compete in the Beijing Olympics, but critics say his artificial limbs give him an unfair advantage. Debate on Amputee Runner: Is He Disabled or Too-Abled 田思怡譯 當南非的奧斯卡．皮斯托留斯蹲伏在200公尺賽跑的起跑點時，現場為數 不多的觀眾都把目光投向這位短跑選手，他自稱跑得最快的無腿男人。他想要 成為第一個參加奧林匹克運動會的截肢跑者，而他逼得國際徑賽組織人員不得 不面對一個問題：應用在他義肢上的科技是否給了他不公平的優勢，使他得以 勝過使用正常雙腿的短跑選手。 MANCHESTER, England －As Oscar Pistorius of South Africa crouched in the starting blocks for the 200 meters, the small crowd turned its attention to the sprinter who calls himself the fastest man on no legs. He wants to be the first amputee runner to compete in the Olympics. And he is forcing international track officials to confront whether the technology of his prosthetics gives him an unfair advantage over sprinters using their natural legs. 他起步有些不穩，這是適應用一對Ｊ字型碳纖維槳葉衝刺的必然過程，這 對槳葉稱為「獵豹」。皮斯托留斯的小腿天生沒有腓骨，雙腳也有些缺陷。他 11個月大時，兩腿從膝蓋以下截肢。 His first strides were choppy, a necessary accommodation to sprinting on a pair of j-shaped blades made of carbon fiber and known as Cheetahs. Mr. Pistorius was born without the fibula bone in his lower legs and with other defects in his feet. He had both legs amputated below the knee when he was 11 months old. 他現年20歲，他的教練說，他就像沒有二檔的五速引擎。 At 20, his coach says, he is like a five-speed engine with no second gear. 不過，皮斯托留斯是炙手可熱的運動天才，他已經開始打破體格正常者和 殘障者之間的界線，引發了深刻的哲學問題：運動員該是什麼樣子？該如何對 科技設限，才能在公平競賽和參賽權之間取得平衡？等到裝了義肢的運動員比 用健康四肢的頂尖運動員跑得更快或跳得更高的時候，運動的本質會改變嗎？ Yet, Mr. Pistorius is a searing talent who has begun erasing the lines between able and disabled, raising profound philosophical questions: What should an athlete look like? Where should limits be placed on technology to balance fair play with the right to compete? Would the nature of sport .be altered if athletes using artificial limbs can at some point run faster or jump higher than the best athletes using their natural limbs? 皮斯托留斯5月13日在英國曼徹斯特的帕拉林匹克世界杯比賽中全力衝刺， 輕鬆贏得100公尺和200公尺短跑冠軍，這是為殘障運動員舉辦的國際競賽。下 午寒冷陰雨的天氣影響了他的表現，但他贏得乾淨俐落，讓他繼續把目標放在 參加2008北京夏季奧運上，儘管國際田徑主管機構正力圖禁止他參加。 Once at full speed, Mr. Pistorius handily won the 100 and 200 meters here at the Paralympic World Cup on May 13, an international competition for disabled athletes. A cold, rainy afternoon tempered his performances, but his victories came decisively and kept him aimed toward the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, even though track and field's world governing body is seeking to bar him. 自今年3月以來，皮斯托留斯在100公尺（10秒91）、200公尺（21秒58） 和400公尺（46秒34）競賽中，都創下驚人的殘障運動新紀錄。這些成績還達 不到奧運男子徑賽參賽標準，但北京奧運距今還有15個月。以皮斯托留斯的 速度，可在2004年雅典奧運女子徑賽的對應項目中拿下金牌。 Since March, Mr. Pistorius has delivered startling record performances for disabled athletes at 100 meters (10.91 seconds), 200 meters (21.58 seconds) and 400 meters (46.34 seconds). Those times do not yet meet Olympic qualifying standards for men, but the Beijing Games are still 15 months away. Already, Mr. Pistorius is fast enough that his marks would have won gold medals in equivalent women's races at the 2004 Athens Olympics. 今年3月的南非全國錦標賽，皮斯托留斯在400公尺項目中和體格正常的選 手同場較量，以46秒56的成績漂亮贏得亞軍。如果南非擠進1600（400×4）公 尺接力世界前16強，取得奧運參賽資格，他似乎具備成為南非代表隊一員的資 格。 Mr. Pistorius' time of 46.56 in the 400 brought a stunning second -place finish in March against able-bodied runners at the South African national championships. This seemingly makes him a candidate for the Olympic 4x400-meter relay should South Africa qualify as one of the world's 16 fastest teams. 留著金色刺蝟頭的皮斯托留斯說：「我從不認為自己是殘障，體格正常的 運動員能做的，我都做得到。」他從前是橄欖球和水球運動員，他甚至拒絕把 車停到殘障停車位。 “I don't see myself as disabled," said the blond, spiky-haired Mr. Pistorius, a former rugby and water polo player who declines even to park his car in spaces reserved for the disabled. "There's nothing I can't do that able- bodied athletes can do." 不過，問題還在：義肢究竟只是為皮斯托留斯剷平競賽場上的障礙，以彌 補他的殘疾，抑或透過所謂的科技禁藥給了他不平等的優勢？ Still, the question persists: Do prosthetic legs simply level the playing field for Mr. Pistorius, compensating for his disability, or do they give him an inequitable edge via what some call techno-doping? 田徑界主管機構，總部設在摩納哥的國際業餘田徑總會，簡稱I.A.A.F.， 最近禁止使用科技輔助器材，像是彈簧和輪子，使皮斯托留斯失去參加該機構 所認可比賽的資格，此事可望於8月做成最後裁決。 Track and field's world governing body, based in Monaco and known by its initials as the I.A.A.F., has recently prohibited the use of technological aids such as springs and wheels, disqualifying Mr. Pistorius from events that it sanctions. A final ruling is expected in August. 國際奧委會允許各項運動主管機構自行訂定參賽資格規定，不過奧委會可 以干預。例如，自2004年起，變性運動員已獲准參加奧運比賽。 The International Olympic Committee allows governing bodies to make their own eligibility rules, though it can intervene. Since 2004, for example, transgender athletes have been allowed to compete in the Olympics. 國際田徑總會發展部主任、義大利籍的艾里歐．羅卡泰利說：「抱歉之至， 我們不能接受提供優勢的器材。這影響運動的純粹性，接下來又會有另一種器 材，裝在背上就可以飛。」他促請皮斯托留斯專心參加殘障奧運，這項競賽將 在北京奧運後接著舉行。 “With all due respect, we cannot accept something that provides advantages,” said Elio Locatelli of Italy, the director of development for the I.A.A.F., urging Mr. Pistorius to concentrate on the Paralyrnpics that will follow the Olympics in Beijing. “It affects the purity of sport. Next will be another device where people can fly with something on their back.” 有人質疑主管機構的動機。 Others have questioned the governing body’s motivation. 曾對截肢跑者做過研究的邁阿密大學醫學院物理治療副教授羅伯．蓋雷說 ：「我要請問國際田徑總會，他們究竟是要避免造成不公平優勢，還是為了維 護奧運的純粹性而採行差別待遇？因為他們不希望看到一個殘疾的男人與體格 健全者同場競賽，擔心若是體格不健全的人贏了，豈不會為人的形象問題帶來 困擾？」 “I pose a question” for the I.A.A.F., said Robert Gailey, an associate professor of physical therapy at the University of Miami Medical School who has studied amputee runners. “Are they looking at not having an unfair advantage? Or are they discriminating because of the purity of the Olympics, because they don’t want to see a disabled man line up against an able-bodied man for fear that if the person who doesn’t have the perfect body wins, what does that say about the image of man?” 皮斯托留斯的成功引起倫理學家對「超人」和「生化人」的討論。有人指 出，運動員已用一些方法改良自己，包括棒球強打者眼睛動雷射手術，加強他 們的視力；投手用取自身體其他部位的韌帶來做手肘重建手術。 Among ethicists, Mr. Pistorius’s success has spurred talk of “transhumans” and “cyborgs.” Some note that athletes already modify themselves in a number of ways, including baseball sluggers who undergo laser eye surgery to enhance their vision and pitchers who undergo elbow reconstruction using ligaments from elsewhere in the body. 設在康乃狄克州的「道德暨新興科技協會」網站最近提出一個嚴肅的問題。 A sobering question was posed recently on the Web site of the Connecticut-based Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. 該協會理事會成員喬治．德沃斯基寫到，「從比賽的武器競賽本質來看」， 科技優勢會不會促使「運動員去做看起來十分極端的事，用義肢取代健康的四 肢？當你獲得的是更好用的肢體時，這還算是自殘嗎？」 “Given the arms race nature of competition,” will technological advantages cause “athletes to do something as seemingly radical as having their healthy natural limbs replaced by artificial ones?” wrote George Dvorsky, a member of the institute’s board of directors. “Is it self-mutilation when you’re getting a better limb? ” 皮斯托留斯從嬰兒時期就用義肢，他開始參加競賽後，不需要像其他許多 殘障運動員那樣，還要去適應義肢。他在2004年雅典殘障奧運贏得200公尺賽 跑金牌。 Having worn prosthetics since infancy, Mr. Pistorius did not have to adjust to artificial legs after he began competing, as many disabled athletes do. He won a gold medal in the 200 at the 2004 Paralympics in Athens. 他說：「它們一直是我的腿，我比其他人更賣力訓練、吃得更好、睡得更 好，一睜開眼想的就是運動，我想這大概正是我有些與眾不同的原因。」 “These have always been my legs,” he said. “I train harder than other guys, eat better, sleep better and wakeup thinking about athletics. I think that’s probably why I’m a bit of an exception.” 這個人企圖擴大奧運運動員的定義。 One who is attempting to broaden the definition of an Olympic athlete. 一些國際田徑總會人員提出忠告，表示最好不要太快就決定取消皮斯托留 斯的參賽資格。雖然他大概拿不到獎牌，但是他在北京奧運場上現身，卻可提 供極為感人的勵志故事。 Some I.A.A.F. officials caution against disqualifying Mr. Pistorius too quickly. Although he probably would not be considered a medal candidate, his appearance at the Beijing Games could provide an enormously inspiring story. 西安大略大學運動倫理學家，也是1984年奧運划船比賽銀牌得主安吉拉． 史奈德說：「我們有兩個彼此競爭的問題：公平競賽和參加比賽的基本人權。」 “You have two competing issues－ fair competition and basic human rights to compete,” said Angela Schneider, a sports ethicist at the University of Western Ontario and a 1984 Olympic silver medalist in rowing. 史奈德說，國際田徑總會必須客觀界定人工器材「何時算治療，何時算強 化體能」。她說，倉促行事的危險是，「你否定了一個人突破逆境、知其不可 為而為之的奮鬥，而這正是奧運的基本精神之一。」 The I.A.A.F. must objectively define when prosthetic devices “go from therapy to enhancement,” Ms. Schneider said. The danger of acting hastily, she said, is “You deny a guy’s struggle against all odds － one of the fundamental principles of the Olympics.” By JERE LONGMAN 原文參照 http://iht.com/articles/2007/05/14/business/track.php -- 大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私語。 嘈嘈切切錯雜彈，大珠小珠落玉盤。 間關鶯語花底滑，幽咽泉流水下灘。 水泉冷澀弦凝絕，凝絕不通聲漸歇。 別有幽愁暗恨生，此時無聲勝有聲。 銀瓶乍破水漿迸，鐵騎突出刀槍鳴。 曲終收撥當心畫，四弦一聲如裂帛。 東船西舫悄無言，唯見江心秋月白。 --

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