http://city.udn.com/v1/city/forum/article.jsp?no=50132&aid=2227425 May 21, 2007《纽时周报全文精译》 无腿飞毛腿：是残障还是超人？ Oscar Pistorius wants to compete in the Beijing Olympics, but critics say his artificial limbs give him an unfair advantage. Debate on Amputee Runner: Is He Disabled or Too-Abled 田思怡译 当南非的奥斯卡．皮斯托留斯蹲伏在200公尺赛跑的起跑点时，现场为数 不多的观众都把目光投向这位短跑选手，他自称跑得最快的无腿男人。他想要 成为第一个参加奥林匹克运动会的截肢跑者，而他逼得国际径赛组织人员不得 不面对一个问题：应用在他义肢上的科技是否给了他不公平的优势，使他得以 胜过使用正常双腿的短跑选手。 MANCHESTER, England －As Oscar Pistorius of South Africa crouched in the starting blocks for the 200 meters, the small crowd turned its attention to the sprinter who calls himself the fastest man on no legs. He wants to be the first amputee runner to compete in the Olympics. And he is forcing international track officials to confront whether the technology of his prosthetics gives him an unfair advantage over sprinters using their natural legs. 他起步有些不稳，这是适应用一对Ｊ字型碳纤维桨叶冲刺的必然过程，这 对桨叶称为「猎豹」。皮斯托留斯的小腿天生没有腓骨，双脚也有些缺陷。他 11个月大时，两腿从膝盖以下截肢。 His first strides were choppy, a necessary accommodation to sprinting on a pair of j-shaped blades made of carbon fiber and known as Cheetahs. Mr. Pistorius was born without the fibula bone in his lower legs and with other defects in his feet. He had both legs amputated below the knee when he was 11 months old. 他现年20岁，他的教练说，他就像没有二档的五速引擎。 At 20, his coach says, he is like a five-speed engine with no second gear. 不过，皮斯托留斯是炙手可热的运动天才，他已经开始打破体格正常者和 残障者之间的界线，引发了深刻的哲学问题：运动员该是什麽样子？该如何对 科技设限，才能在公平竞赛和参赛权之间取得平衡？等到装了义肢的运动员比 用健康四肢的顶尖运动员跑得更快或跳得更高的时候，运动的本质会改变吗？ Yet, Mr. Pistorius is a searing talent who has begun erasing the lines between able and disabled, raising profound philosophical questions: What should an athlete look like? Where should limits be placed on technology to balance fair play with the right to compete? Would the nature of sport .be altered if athletes using artificial limbs can at some point run faster or jump higher than the best athletes using their natural limbs? 皮斯托留斯5月13日在英国曼彻斯特的帕拉林匹克世界杯比赛中全力冲刺， 轻松赢得100公尺和200公尺短跑冠军，这是为残障运动员举办的国际竞赛。下 午寒冷阴雨的天气影响了他的表现，但他赢得乾净俐落，让他继续把目标放在 参加2008北京夏季奥运上，尽管国际田径主管机构正力图禁止他参加。 Once at full speed, Mr. Pistorius handily won the 100 and 200 meters here at the Paralympic World Cup on May 13, an international competition for disabled athletes. A cold, rainy afternoon tempered his performances, but his victories came decisively and kept him aimed toward the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, even though track and field's world governing body is seeking to bar him. 自今年3月以来，皮斯托留斯在100公尺（10秒91）、200公尺（21秒58） 和400公尺（46秒34）竞赛中，都创下惊人的残障运动新纪录。这些成绩还达 不到奥运男子径赛参赛标准，但北京奥运距今还有15个月。以皮斯托留斯的 速度，可在2004年雅典奥运女子径赛的对应项目中拿下金牌。 Since March, Mr. Pistorius has delivered startling record performances for disabled athletes at 100 meters (10.91 seconds), 200 meters (21.58 seconds) and 400 meters (46.34 seconds). Those times do not yet meet Olympic qualifying standards for men, but the Beijing Games are still 15 months away. Already, Mr. Pistorius is fast enough that his marks would have won gold medals in equivalent women's races at the 2004 Athens Olympics. 今年3月的南非全国锦标赛，皮斯托留斯在400公尺项目中和体格正常的选 手同场较量，以46秒56的成绩漂亮赢得亚军。如果南非挤进1600（400×4）公 尺接力世界前16强，取得奥运参赛资格，他似乎具备成为南非代表队一员的资 格。 Mr. Pistorius' time of 46.56 in the 400 brought a stunning second -place finish in March against able-bodied runners at the South African national championships. This seemingly makes him a candidate for the Olympic 4x400-meter relay should South Africa qualify as one of the world's 16 fastest teams. 留着金色刺蝟头的皮斯托留斯说：「我从不认为自己是残障，体格正常的 运动员能做的，我都做得到。」他从前是橄榄球和水球运动员，他甚至拒绝把 车停到残障停车位。 “I don't see myself as disabled," said the blond, spiky-haired Mr. Pistorius, a former rugby and water polo player who declines even to park his car in spaces reserved for the disabled. "There's nothing I can't do that able- bodied athletes can do." 不过，问题还在：义肢究竟只是为皮斯托留斯铲平竞赛场上的障碍，以弥 补他的残疾，抑或透过所谓的科技禁药给了他不平等的优势？ Still, the question persists: Do prosthetic legs simply level the playing field for Mr. Pistorius, compensating for his disability, or do they give him an inequitable edge via what some call techno-doping? 田径界主管机构，总部设在摩纳哥的国际业余田径总会，简称I.A.A.F.， 最近禁止使用科技辅助器材，像是弹簧和轮子，使皮斯托留斯失去参加该机构 所认可比赛的资格，此事可望於8月做成最後裁决。 Track and field's world governing body, based in Monaco and known by its initials as the I.A.A.F., has recently prohibited the use of technological aids such as springs and wheels, disqualifying Mr. Pistorius from events that it sanctions. A final ruling is expected in August. 国际奥委会允许各项运动主管机构自行订定参赛资格规定，不过奥委会可 以干预。例如，自2004年起，变性运动员已获准参加奥运比赛。 The International Olympic Committee allows governing bodies to make their own eligibility rules, though it can intervene. Since 2004, for example, transgender athletes have been allowed to compete in the Olympics. 国际田径总会发展部主任、义大利籍的艾里欧．罗卡泰利说：「抱歉之至， 我们不能接受提供优势的器材。这影响运动的纯粹性，接下来又会有另一种器 材，装在背上就可以飞。」他促请皮斯托留斯专心参加残障奥运，这项竞赛将 在北京奥运後接着举行。 “With all due respect, we cannot accept something that provides advantages,” said Elio Locatelli of Italy, the director of development for the I.A.A.F., urging Mr. Pistorius to concentrate on the Paralyrnpics that will follow the Olympics in Beijing. “It affects the purity of sport. Next will be another device where people can fly with something on their back.” 有人质疑主管机构的动机。 Others have questioned the governing body’s motivation. 曾对截肢跑者做过研究的迈阿密大学医学院物理治疗副教授罗伯．盖雷说 ：「我要请问国际田径总会，他们究竟是要避免造成不公平优势，还是为了维 护奥运的纯粹性而采行差别待遇？因为他们不希望看到一个残疾的男人与体格 健全者同场竞赛，担心若是体格不健全的人赢了，岂不会为人的形象问题带来 困扰？」 “I pose a question” for the I.A.A.F., said Robert Gailey, an associate professor of physical therapy at the University of Miami Medical School who has studied amputee runners. “Are they looking at not having an unfair advantage? Or are they discriminating because of the purity of the Olympics, because they don’t want to see a disabled man line up against an able-bodied man for fear that if the person who doesn’t have the perfect body wins, what does that say about the image of man?” 皮斯托留斯的成功引起伦理学家对「超人」和「生化人」的讨论。有人指 出，运动员已用一些方法改良自己，包括棒球强打者眼睛动雷射手术，加强他 们的视力；投手用取自身体其他部位的韧带来做手肘重建手术。 Among ethicists, Mr. Pistorius’s success has spurred talk of “transhumans” and “cyborgs.” Some note that athletes already modify themselves in a number of ways, including baseball sluggers who undergo laser eye surgery to enhance their vision and pitchers who undergo elbow reconstruction using ligaments from elsewhere in the body. 设在康乃狄克州的「道德暨新兴科技协会」网站最近提出一个严肃的问题。 A sobering question was posed recently on the Web site of the Connecticut-based Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. 该协会理事会成员乔治．德沃斯基写到，「从比赛的武器竞赛本质来看」， 科技优势会不会促使「运动员去做看起来十分极端的事，用义肢取代健康的四 肢？当你获得的是更好用的肢体时，这还算是自残吗？」 “Given the arms race nature of competition,” will technological advantages cause “athletes to do something as seemingly radical as having their healthy natural limbs replaced by artificial ones?” wrote George Dvorsky, a member of the institute’s board of directors. “Is it self-mutilation when you’re getting a better limb? ” 皮斯托留斯从婴儿时期就用义肢，他开始参加竞赛後，不需要像其他许多 残障运动员那样，还要去适应义肢。他在2004年雅典残障奥运赢得200公尺赛 跑金牌。 Having worn prosthetics since infancy, Mr. Pistorius did not have to adjust to artificial legs after he began competing, as many disabled athletes do. He won a gold medal in the 200 at the 2004 Paralympics in Athens. 他说：「它们一直是我的腿，我比其他人更卖力训练、吃得更好、睡得更 好，一睁开眼想的就是运动，我想这大概正是我有些与众不同的原因。」 “These have always been my legs,” he said. “I train harder than other guys, eat better, sleep better and wakeup thinking about athletics. I think that’s probably why I’m a bit of an exception.” 这个人企图扩大奥运运动员的定义。 One who is attempting to broaden the definition of an Olympic athlete. 一些国际田径总会人员提出忠告，表示最好不要太快就决定取消皮斯托留 斯的参赛资格。虽然他大概拿不到奖牌，但是他在北京奥运场上现身，却可提 供极为感人的励志故事。 Some I.A.A.F. officials caution against disqualifying Mr. Pistorius too quickly. Although he probably would not be considered a medal candidate, his appearance at the Beijing Games could provide an enormously inspiring story. 西安大略大学运动伦理学家，也是1984年奥运划船比赛银牌得主安吉拉． 史奈德说：「我们有两个彼此竞争的问题：公平竞赛和参加比赛的基本人权。」 “You have two competing issues－ fair competition and basic human rights to compete,” said Angela Schneider, a sports ethicist at the University of Western Ontario and a 1984 Olympic silver medalist in rowing. 史奈德说，国际田径总会必须客观界定人工器材「何时算治疗，何时算强 化体能」。她说，仓促行事的危险是，「你否定了一个人突破逆境、知其不可 为而为之的奋斗，而这正是奥运的基本精神之一。」 The I.A.A.F. must objectively define when prosthetic devices “go from therapy to enhancement,” Ms. Schneider said. The danger of acting hastily, she said, is “You deny a guy’s struggle against all odds － one of the fundamental principles of the Olympics.” By JERE LONGMAN 原文参照 http://iht.com/articles/2007/05/14/business/track.php -- 大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。 嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。 间关莺语花底滑，幽咽泉流水下滩。 水泉冷涩弦凝绝，凝绝不通声渐歇。 别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。 银瓶乍破水浆迸，铁骑突出刀枪鸣。 曲终收拨当心画，四弦一声如裂帛。 东船西舫悄无言，唯见江心秋月白。 --

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