就跟你說是歐哈勒不是歐哈拉。 喔對了歐哈拉有演講耶 [應該就是這個歐哈拉] 有沒有人要去問他**是不是垃圾 小型班遊是也 -- 國立中正大學語言學研究所 第184次語言學專題演講 講題：Ethological factors shaping language 講者：John J. Ohala Professor Emeritus, Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley 時間：Friday, 14:00-16:00, Sep. 24, 2010 地點：中正大學文學院144國際會議廳 摘要： There is widespread acceptance that the principal factors shaping language are: physical phonetic, cognitive/ psychological, and cultural/sociological. I wish to make the case for a fourth factor: ethology. Ethology is, broadly, the study of behavior but these days it is more specifically the study of how innately-determined behavior is shaped because it gives increased fitness to those exhibiting the behavior. It is thus part of the Darwinian account of evolution and Darwin himself initiated such speculation on this in his post-Origin work, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). My interest in this derived from a paper by Eugene Morton (1977) where he presented a wide-ranging survey of the literature on the agonistic vocalizations of (non-human) mammals and birds and showed that their threat vocalizations were produced with a lower fundamental frequency (F0) whereas submissive, appeasing, or affinitive vocalizations with a higher F0. He argued convincingly that this pattern helped to convey to the receiver – as many visual signals—plastic and implastic – do as well – that the vocalizer was large or small, respectively. In a 1984 paper I argued that this “frequency code” applied to human speech as well and could explain, among other things, cross-language patterns of F0 (pitch) for statements vs. questions, the incidence of vowels and consonants in sound symbolic vocabulary, sexual dimorphism in the vocal anatomy (i.e., why, in comparison to adult females, adult males have longer, more massive vocal cords and longer vocal tracts – think of the “Adam’s apple” in males), and the non-threat smile and an opposite threatening facial expression showing protruded and rounded lips) – in the latter cases to modify the acoustic frequency of an accompanying vocalization. This got me to speculate about how these same principles (but in the visual not the acoustic domain) might explain other facial expressions associated with threat and non-threat, in particular, gestures affecting the appearance of the eyes, including their apparent size and the role of the eyebrows. Although these facial gestures may accompany spoken language it may be questioned whether their character is properly part of language itself. However, there is abundant testimony that the “prosody” of sign language resides to a large extent in facial expressions. Ohala 1984: http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/users/ohala/ papers/etho-1984.pdf --

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