就跟你说是欧哈勒不是欧哈拉。 喔对了欧哈拉有演讲耶 [应该就是这个欧哈拉] 有没有人要去问他**是不是垃圾 小型班游是也 -- 国立中正大学语言学研究所 第184次语言学专题演讲 讲题：Ethological factors shaping language 讲者：John J. Ohala Professor Emeritus, Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley 时间：Friday, 14:00-16:00, Sep. 24, 2010 地点：中正大学文学院144国际会议厅 摘要： There is widespread acceptance that the principal factors shaping language are: physical phonetic, cognitive/ psychological, and cultural/sociological. I wish to make the case for a fourth factor: ethology. Ethology is, broadly, the study of behavior but these days it is more specifically the study of how innately-determined behavior is shaped because it gives increased fitness to those exhibiting the behavior. It is thus part of the Darwinian account of evolution and Darwin himself initiated such speculation on this in his post-Origin work, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). My interest in this derived from a paper by Eugene Morton (1977) where he presented a wide-ranging survey of the literature on the agonistic vocalizations of (non-human) mammals and birds and showed that their threat vocalizations were produced with a lower fundamental frequency (F0) whereas submissive, appeasing, or affinitive vocalizations with a higher F0. He argued convincingly that this pattern helped to convey to the receiver – as many visual signals—plastic and implastic – do as well – that the vocalizer was large or small, respectively. In a 1984 paper I argued that this “frequency code” applied to human speech as well and could explain, among other things, cross-language patterns of F0 (pitch) for statements vs. questions, the incidence of vowels and consonants in sound symbolic vocabulary, sexual dimorphism in the vocal anatomy (i.e., why, in comparison to adult females, adult males have longer, more massive vocal cords and longer vocal tracts – think of the “Adam’s apple” in males), and the non-threat smile and an opposite threatening facial expression showing protruded and rounded lips) – in the latter cases to modify the acoustic frequency of an accompanying vocalization. This got me to speculate about how these same principles (but in the visual not the acoustic domain) might explain other facial expressions associated with threat and non-threat, in particular, gestures affecting the appearance of the eyes, including their apparent size and the role of the eyebrows. Although these facial gestures may accompany spoken language it may be questioned whether their character is properly part of language itself. However, there is abundant testimony that the “prosody” of sign language resides to a large extent in facial expressions. Ohala 1984: http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/users/ohala/ papers/etho-1984.pdf --

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