Allele 對偶基因 Homozygous 同型合子的 Heterozygous 異型合子的 Frequency diagram (traits - number of individuals 作圖) Phenotype 顯型 Polygenic 多基因遺傳 Monogenic 單基因遺傳的 Locus 基因座 基因位址 Quantitative 用量表示的 Interchange 交換 Psychology 心理學 Diabetes 糖尿病 Alzheimer’s disease 老年癡呆症 Predisposition 頃向 易染病體質 Normal distribution (Gaussian Distribution or the Bell Curve) gene pool 基因庫 allelic frequencies (p+q=1.0) genetic equilibrium 基因源平衡 Hardy-Weinberg principle 哈溫原理 (p2+2pq+q2=1.0) Threshold 閾 Liability 頃向 Pedigree analysis 族譜分析 Sibling 兄弟姐妹 Obesity 肥胖 Schizophrenia 精神分裂症 cleft palate 顎裂 neural tube defect 神經管缺陷 brachydactyly mendelian 孟德爾遺傳定律的 H-W Principle required conditions for genetic equilibrium : 1. population are large 2. Individuals mate randomly 3. population do not gain or lose individuals 4. natural selection is not occurring in the population 5. mutation is not occurring at a high enough rate to influence genetic variation The factors changing genetic structure 1. mutation 2. natural selection 3. migration 4. genetic drift 5. non-random mating heterozygote advantage microevolution industrial melanism 工業黑化 → natural selection speckled 有斑點的 camouflage 偽裝 保護色 sickle 鐮刀 malaria 瘧疾 parasite 寄生蟲 Directional selection (Frog tongue length) (extreme) offspring 後代 Stabilizing selection (human birth weight) (mean) Disruptive selection (bird beak size) (large and small) Genetic Drift 基因漂浮 Founder effect (從原本群體分支出來但數量稀少) Bottlenecks (發生災難catastrophe造成基因漂浮：flood . hunting . drought …..) Drastic 猛烈的 Gene Flow (兩個分開的基因庫藉由”民族移入或移出””交尾融合”而將兩基因庫內的基因互相交流而形成一個更大更多樣化的基因庫，與哈溫原理衝突，在天擇或災難情況下有更多機會讓某些物種保存下來。) (EX) 美國人的最新臉型@@? 蚊子和DDT --- 很多看不懂...看得懂的人幫忙解一下吧!! brachydactyly ?! heterozygote advantage ?! --

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