Allele 对偶基因 Homozygous 同型合子的 Heterozygous 异型合子的 Frequency diagram (traits - number of individuals 作图) Phenotype 显型 Polygenic 多基因遗传 Monogenic 单基因遗传的 Locus 基因座 基因位址 Quantitative 用量表示的 Interchange 交换 Psychology 心理学 Diabetes 糖尿病 Alzheimer’s disease 老年痴呆症 Predisposition 顷向 易染病体质 Normal distribution (Gaussian Distribution or the Bell Curve) gene pool 基因库 allelic frequencies (p+q=1.0) genetic equilibrium 基因源平衡 Hardy-Weinberg principle 哈温原理 (p2+2pq+q2=1.0) Threshold 阈 Liability 顷向 Pedigree analysis 族谱分析 Sibling 兄弟姐妹 Obesity 肥胖 Schizophrenia 精神分裂症 cleft palate 颚裂 neural tube defect 神经管缺陷 brachydactyly mendelian 孟德尔遗传定律的 H-W Principle required conditions for genetic equilibrium : 1. population are large 2. Individuals mate randomly 3. population do not gain or lose individuals 4. natural selection is not occurring in the population 5. mutation is not occurring at a high enough rate to influence genetic variation The factors changing genetic structure 1. mutation 2. natural selection 3. migration 4. genetic drift 5. non-random mating heterozygote advantage microevolution industrial melanism 工业黑化 → natural selection speckled 有斑点的 camouflage 伪装 保护色 sickle 镰刀 malaria 疟疾 parasite 寄生虫 Directional selection (Frog tongue length) (extreme) offspring 後代 Stabilizing selection (human birth weight) (mean) Disruptive selection (bird beak size) (large and small) Genetic Drift 基因漂浮 Founder effect (从原本群体分支出来但数量稀少) Bottlenecks (发生灾难catastrophe造成基因漂浮：flood . hunting . drought …..) Drastic 猛烈的 Gene Flow (两个分开的基因库藉由”民族移入或移出””交尾融合”而将两基因库内的基因互相交流而形成一个更大更多样化的基因库，与哈温原理冲突，在天择或灾难情况下有更多机会让某些物种保存下来。) (EX) 美国人的最新脸型@@? 蚊子和DDT --- 很多看不懂...看得懂的人帮忙解一下吧!! brachydactyly ?! heterozygote advantage ?! --

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