比較政治 2004 期中考 申論題(五題選四題回答,每題25分,可用中文或英文回答,請一律橫式書寫) 一. 請說明民主轉型與民主鞏固的差異.請以我國友邦Malawi為例,你/妳認為Malawi 屬於何種民主類型?為什麼? 二. 國家政治運作往往受到底層社會分歧影響,請簡單列舉四種重要的社會分歧對於 國家的影響,並詳細說明決定社會分歧對政治影響的因素. 三. In the article titled " Cultural explanations", the subtitle is " which civilization you belong to matters less than you might think", why? What are the problems with cultural explanations? 四. " When Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States in the 19th cen- tury, he was impressed by the enthusiasm of Americans for joining associations. ...Until quite recently, most political scientists shared De Tocqueville's view. Later, however, and especially in America, doubts have set in. At a certain point, say the doubters, the cumulative power of pressure group, each promoting its own special interest, can grow so strong that it prevented elected politicians from adopting policies that are in the interest of the electorate as a whole." Given these contradic- tories, please evaluate and defend for interest groups. 五. Why do scholars describe political parties as " empty vessels"? Please explain whether parties are in decline and the reason why it happens. 我盡力了！活下去吧！各位！ --

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