比较政治 2004 期中考 申论题(五题选四题回答,每题25分,可用中文或英文回答,请一律横式书写) 一. 请说明民主转型与民主巩固的差异.请以我国友邦Malawi为例,你/你认为Malawi 属於何种民主类型?为什麽? 二. 国家政治运作往往受到底层社会分歧影响,请简单列举四种重要的社会分歧对於 国家的影响,并详细说明决定社会分歧对政治影响的因素. 三. In the article titled " Cultural explanations", the subtitle is " which civilization you belong to matters less than you might think", why? What are the problems with cultural explanations? 四. " When Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States in the 19th cen- tury, he was impressed by the enthusiasm of Americans for joining associations. ...Until quite recently, most political scientists shared De Tocqueville's view. Later, however, and especially in America, doubts have set in. At a certain point, say the doubters, the cumulative power of pressure group, each promoting its own special interest, can grow so strong that it prevented elected politicians from adopting policies that are in the interest of the electorate as a whole." Given these contradic- tories, please evaluate and defend for interest groups. 五. Why do scholars describe political parties as " empty vessels"? Please explain whether parties are in decline and the reason why it happens. 我尽力了！活下去吧！各位！ --

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