盧安達在1994年發生了慘忍的屠殺事件 80萬盧安達人被殺 我看了一下發生背景 對照台海局勢好像也有點相似之處 首先種族屠殺的兇手及幫兇都是所謂的Hutus族人被殺大部分都是Tutsis族人 但是兩族人其實習性是很相同的 The two ethnic groups are actually very similar - they speak the same language, inhabit the same areas and follow the same traditions 但是為何後來卻明確被區分了兩個種族 原來就是殖民者搞的鬼 比利時人在1916年 開始殖民盧安達刻意區分兩族人 甚至用識別卡強調區分為兩族 But when the Belgian colonists arrived in 1916, they saw the two groups as distinct entities, and even produced identity cards classifying people according to their ethnicity. 而在比利時人的刻意操作下 給予Tutsis較好的教育資源 致使兩方出現矛盾 The Belgians considered the Tutsis as superior to the Hutus. Not surprisingly, the Tutsis welcomed this idea, and for the next 20 years they enjoyed better jobs and educational opportunities than their neighbours. 兩派人被分類還有教育上的差別開始讓兩方人產生衝突 幾十年之間這鴻溝沒有消除 反倒是發生危基時 常常將問題簡化為種族問題 因此不斷加深了彼此間的矛盾 雖然不斷有衝突 但是還沒有真正到達全面衝突的地步 而開始真正兩方出現更為嚴重的對立在於 盧安達的經濟開始惡化 Juvenal Habyarimana 盧安達總統開始失去民心 This was still the case in the years before the genocide. The economic situation worsened and the incumbent president, Juvenal Habyarimana, began losing popularity. 由於如此該國開始出現反對聲浪 tutsis在海外開始組成反對陣營 目標就是推翻該國總統 並能重返家園 At the same time, Tutsi refugees in Uganda - supported by some moderate Hutus - were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Their aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and secure their right to return to their homeland. 而糟糕的是該國總統不思檢討卻打算利用這股海外勢力製造對立 讓hutus 族人 支持他 而將國內tutsis打成RPF 海外勢力的同路人 而看來該總統用使方式的確出現了效果 只是代價是國內的和平 經過數月後的攻擊和協商後兩方終於簽下一個和平協議 雖然該協議的效果很低 In August 1993, after several attacks and months of negotiation, a peace accord was signed between Habyarimana and the RPF, but it did little to stop the continued unrest. 而悲劇發現的最後一跟釘子 就是該國總統在搭機途中遭到擊落 大屠殺於是開始 When Habyarimana's plane was shot down at the beginning of April 1994, it was the final nail in the coffin. 最後 對照兩岸關係 把上文換成台灣 大陸 日本 台灣總統 竟然發現可以完全套入 呵呵 歷史果真是一在重複呀 難怪人說 歷史給人唯一的教訓就是記不住任何教訓 完畢 ........ 隨便寫寫不要太當真 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm Rwanda: How the genocide happened Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the space of 100 days. Most of the dead were Tutsis - and most of those who perpetrated the violence were Hutus. Even for a country with such a turbulent history as Rwanda, the scale and speed of the slaughter left its people reeling. The genocide was sparked by the death of the Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, when his plane was shot down above Kigali airport on 6 April 1994. A recent French official report blamed current Rwandan President, Paul Kagame. The report - extracts of which appeared in the daily, Le Monde - said French police had concluded that Mr Kagame gave direct orders for the rocket attack. Rwanda has rejected the report, describing it as a "fantasy". Within hours of the attack, a campaign of violence spread from the capital throughout the country, and did not subside until three months later. But the death of the president was by no means the only cause of Africa's largest genocide in modern times. History of violence Ethnic tension in Rwanda is nothing new. There have been always been disagreements between the majority Hutus and minority Tutsis, but the animosity between them has grown substantially since the colonial period. The two ethnic groups are actually very similar - they speak the same language, inhabit the same areas and follow the same traditions. But when the Belgian colonists arrived in 1916, they saw the two groups as distinct entities, and even produced identity cards classifying people according to their ethnicity. The Belgians considered the Tutsis as superior to the Hutus. Not surprisingly, the Tutsis welcomed this idea, and for the next 20 years they enjoyed better jobs and educational opportunities than their neighbours. Resentment among the Hutus gradually built up, culminating in a series of riots in 1959. More than 20,000 Tutsis were killed, and many more fled to the neighbouring countries of Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda. When Belgium relinquished power and granted Rwanda independence in 1962, the Hutus took their place. Over subsequent decades, the Tutsis were portrayed as the scapegoats for every crisis. Building up to genocide This was still the case in the years before the genocide. The economic situation worsened and the incumbent president, Juvenal Habyarimana, began losing popularity. At the same time, Tutsi refugees in Uganda - supported by some moderate Hutus - were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Their aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and secure their right to return to their homeland. Habyarimana chose to exploit this threat as a way to bring dissident Hutus back to his side, and Tutsis inside Rwanda were accused of being RPF collaborators. In August 1993, after several attacks and months of negotiation, a peace accord was signed between Habyarimana and the RPF, but it did little to stop the continued unrest. When Habyarimana's plane was shot down at the beginning of April 1994, it was the final nail in the coffin. Exactly who killed the president - and with him the president of Burundi and many chief members of staff - has not been established. Whoever was behind the killing its effect was both instantaneous and catastrophic. Mass murder In Kigali, the presidential guard immediately initiated a campaign of retribution. Leaders of the political opposition were murdered, and almost immediately, the slaughter of Tutsis and moderate Hutus began. Within hours, recruits were dispatched all over the country to carry out a wave of slaughter. The early organisers included military officials, politicians and businessmen, but soon many others joined in the mayhem. Encouraged by the presidential guard and radio propaganda, an unofficial militia group called the Interahamwe (meaning those who attack together) was mobilised. At its peak, this group was 30,000-strong. Soldiers and police officers encouraged ordinary citizens to take part. In some cases, Hutu civilians were forced to murder their Tutsi neighbours by military personnel. Participants were often given incentives, such as money or food, and some were even told they could appropriate the land of the Tutsis they killed. On the ground at least, the Rwandans were largely left alone by the international community. UN troops withdrew after the murder of 10 soldiers. The day after Habyarimana's death, the RPF renewed their assault on government forces, and numerous attempts by the UN to negotiate a ceasefire came to nothing. Aftermath Finally, in July, the RPF captured Kigali. The government collapsed and the RPF declared a ceasefire. As soon as it became apparent that the RPF was victorious, an estimated two million Hutus fled to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo). These refugees include many who have since been implicated in the massacres. Back in Rwanda, UN troops and aid workers then arrived to help maintain order and restore basic services. On 19 July a new multi-ethnic government was formed, promising all refugees a safe return to Rwanda. Pasteur Bizimungu, a Hutu, was inaugurated as president, while the majority of cabinet posts were assigned to RPF members. But although the massacres are over, the legacy of the genocide continues, and the search for justice has been a long and arduous one. About 500 people have been sentenced to death, and another 100,000 are still in prison. But some of the ringleaders have managed to evade capture, and many who lost their loved ones are still waiting for justice. -- 可惜　人總抵不過自尊 不恨　聽起來太愚蠹 --

※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 220.138.190.149