※ 引述《WillWaiting (Creep)》之銘言： : FDA : Is aspartame safe? : http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-adf9.html : : Carefully controlled clinical studies show that aspartame is not an allergen. : However, certain people with the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU), and : pregnant women with hyperphenylalanine (high levels of phenylalanine in : blood) have a problem with aspartame because they do not effectively : metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, one of aspartame's components. High : levels of this amino acid in body fluids can cause brain damage. Therefore, : FDA has ruled that all products containing aspartame must include a warning : to phenylketonurics that the sweetener contains phenylalanine. FDA是什麼呢? 美國食品及藥物管理局 當然你可以相信一個自然療法的博士的話 不過美國食品及藥物管理局可是有上千位博士 從化學家、微生物學家、毒物學家、食品科技專家、病理學家、分子生物學家、藥理學家 、營養學家、傳染病學家、數學家和公共衛生學家都有 我不知道有誰看了許多資料卻都不看FDA的資料的 以上那段話是說阿斯巴甜很安全 除了苯丙酮尿患者及幼兒孕婦對苯丙氨酸代謝能力低落的人外 其他的人都非常的安全 : Artificial Sweeteners: No Calories ... Sweet! : http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2006/406_sweeteners.html : Aspartame : Aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sugar. It has a caloric value similar to : sugar (4 kcal/g), but the amounts used are small enough to consider aspartame : essentially free of calories. Brand names include NutraSweet and Equal. : Aspartame was first approved by the FDA in 1981 as a tabletop sweetener, and : for use in gum, breakfast cereal, and other dry products. The use of : aspartame was expanded to sodas in 1983, and then to use as a general-purpose : sweetener in all foods and drinks in 1996. : Before approval, the FDA reviewed numerous studies showing that aspartame did : not cause cancer or other adverse effects in laboratory animals. "This : included three studies in which rats were fed aspartame in proportions more : than 100 times higher than humans would likely consume," Tarantino says. : In the mid-1990s, a researcher raised concerns that a rise in brain cancer : incidence in the United States was linked to aspartame use. According to FDA : experts, there is no scientific evidence supporting a link between aspartame : and any type of cancer. The National Toxicology Program, part of the U.S. : Department of Health and Human Services, also conducted aspartame studies in : mice and found no cancer link. : In 2005, the European Ramazzini Foundation (ERF) published new findings of a : long-term feeding study on aspartame in rats. ERF scientists concluded that : aspartame causes leukemia and lymphoma and that current uses of aspartame : should be reevaluated. After reviewing the study data, however, the European : Food Safety Authority (EFSA) released a statement in May 2006 that said the : ERF's conclusion was not supported by the data. After learning of the ERF : study results, the FDA requested the study data and received a portion of the : data in February 2006. The FDA will announce its conclusions after completing : its review. : "At this time, our position that aspartame is safe is based on the large body : of information previously reviewed," Tarantino says. "Our conclusions are : based on a detailed review of more than 100 toxicological and clinical : studies on safety." 我們的結論阿斯巴甜對身體是很安全的是根據上百份的毒物及病理學研究 : When ingested, aspartame is converted in the body to methanol and two amino : acids--aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Tarantino says, "These substances are : produced in much greater amounts in other common foods." : Because of the phenylalanine component, aspartame does carry a risk for : people with the rare genetic disorder phenylketonuria. People who have this : disorder should avoid or restrict aspartame use because of their body's : difficulty in metabolizing phenylalanine. Its use can cause phenylalanine to : build up in the blood at higher levels than normal. The aspartame regulation : requires that a statement be placed on the label of all products containing : aspartame specifically to alert phenylketonurics of the presence of : phenylalanine. : Saccharin : Saccharin is 200 to 700 times sweeter than sugar and has no calories. Brand : names include Sweet'N Low, Sweet Twin, and Necta Sweet. Saccharin is used in : tabletop sweeteners, baked goods, soft drinks, jams, and chewing gum. : Saccharin was discovered in 1879 and had been considered generally recognized : as safe (GRAS) until 1972, when it was removed from the GRAS list by the FDA. : By definition in the law, a GRAS substance has a long history of safe use in : foods, or is determined to be safe based on proven science. But if new : evidence suggests that a GRAS substance may no longer be safe, the FDA can : prohibit its use or require further safety studies. : In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on saccharin because of concerns about rats : that developed bladder cancer after receiving high doses of saccharin. In : response, Congress passed the Saccharin Study and Labeling Act. This : legislation put a moratorium on the ban while more safety studies were under : way. Also, foods containing saccharin were required to carry a label warning : that the sweetener could be a health hazard and that it was found to cause : cancer in laboratory animals. Saccharin has been the subject of more than 30 : studies in humans. : According to the National Cancer Institute, further studies showed that : saccharin did not cause cancer in humans, and that the bladder tumors in rats : were related to a mechanism that isn't relevant for humans. : In 2000, the National Toxicology Program determined that saccharin should no : longer be listed as a potential cancer-causing agent. Federal legislation : followed in 2001, removing the requirement for the saccharin warning label. 2001年 糖精從可能致癌的名單上移除 : Acesulfame-K (potassium) : Acesulfame-K is 200 times sweeter than sugar, with zero calories. Brand names : include Sunett and Sweet One. Acesulfame-K was first approved by the FDA in : 1988 for specific uses, including as a tabletop sweetener. The FDA approved : the sweetener in 1998 for use in beverages. In December 2003, it was approved : for general use in foods, but not in meat or poultry. Acesulfame-K can be : found in baked goods, frozen desserts, candies, beverages, cough drops, and : breath mints. : The FDA and the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization : (FAO/WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives have evaluated the : sweetener's safety. "More than 90 studies support the safety of : acesulfame-K," Tarantino says. : Neotame : Neotame is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sugar, depending on how it's : used in food, and has no calories. The FDA approved neotame in 2002 as a : general-purpose sweetener in a wide variety of food products other than meat : or poultry. It has been approved for use in baked goods, soft drinks, chewing : gum, frosting, frozen desserts, jams, jellies, gelatins, puddings, processed : fruit and fruit juices, toppings, and syrups. : Tarantino says that neotame is structurally similar to aspartame. "The : potential release of phenylalanine from neotame is so limited that a warning : for phenylketonuric-type individuals isn't warranted," she says. : The FDA reviewed data from more than 100 animal and human studies on neotame. : These studies evaluated cancer-causing, reproductive, and neurological : effects. "Based on a thorough evaluation of the data, there are no adverse : effects anticipated when neotame is ingested at levels that are used in : foods," Tarantino says. : Sucralose : Sucralose is 600 times sweeter than sugar on average and has no calories. : Although sucralose is made from table sugar, it adds no calories because it : isn't digested in the body. The brand name is Splenda. After reviewing more : than 110 animal and human studies, the FDA approved sucralose in 1998 for use : in 15 food categories, including as a tabletop sweetener and for use in : products such as beverages, chewing gum, frozen desserts, fruit juices, and : gelatins. In 1999, the FDA allowed sucralose as a general-purpose sweetener : in all foods. --

※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 220.136.164.169 ※ 編輯: WillWaiting 來自: 220.136.164.169 (04/12 17:13)