這幾隻大象真是可愛, 剛剛看了一下, 這篇paper附上了三個大象 照鏡子反應的電影檔, 一個是屋頂攝影機, 兩個是鏡子邊的攝影機 大家可以欣賞一下大象是怎樣照鏡子的 http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie1.mov http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie2.mov http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie3.mov Paper及原文摘要在此 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0608062103v1 Published online before print October 30, 2006 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 Self-recognition in an Asian elephant Joshua M. Plotnik *, Frans B. M. de Waal *, and Diana Reiss ?|| *Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brooklyn, NY 11224; and ?Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Contributed by Frans B. M. de Waal, September 13, 2006 Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus "mark test" for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0608062103 -- ┌─────◆ＫＫＣＩＴＹ◆─────┐▇─┐ＫＫＡＤＳＬ→六星級優質連線服務 │ bbs.kkcity.com.tw │┴ └─▇ 馬上申請帶你上網環遊全世界！ └──《From: 》──┘ KKADSL ┴ http://adsl.kkcity.com.tw --