这几只大象真是可爱, 刚刚看了一下, 这篇paper附上了三个大象 照镜子反应的电影档, 一个是屋顶摄影机, 两个是镜子边的摄影机 大家可以欣赏一下大象是怎样照镜子的 http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie1.mov http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie2.mov http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie3.mov Paper及原文摘要在此 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0608062103v1 Published online before print October 30, 2006 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 Self-recognition in an Asian elephant Joshua M. Plotnik *, Frans B. M. de Waal *, and Diana Reiss ?|| *Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brooklyn, NY 11224; and ?Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Contributed by Frans B. M. de Waal, September 13, 2006 Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus "mark test" for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0608062103 -- ┌─────◆ＫＫＣＩＴＹ◆─────┐▇─┐ＫＫＡＤＳＬ→六星级优质连线服务 │ bbs.kkcity.com.tw │┴ └─▇ 马上申请带你上网环游全世界！ └──《From: 》──┘ KKADSL ┴ http://adsl.kkcity.com.tw --