stanford 的研究网站 http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/ Dr. King 的身平 http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/ 演讲录音及演讲全文 http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/popular_requests/ 一些Dr. King 的照片 http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/liberation_curriculum/index.htm 遗憾的是 Dr. King 被暗杀身亡 http://0rz.net/fc0tc 4 April 1968, a rifle shot struck King as he stood on a balcony outside his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) member Ralph Abernathy ran to the balcony and cradled his friend's head until the paramedics arrived and rushed him to St. Joseph's Hospital. Doctors pronounced King dead at 7:05 p.m. 但是当时 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC） 并没有像 LA 暴动一样，反而选择冷静的发表宣言，因为Dr. King 一向主张反暴力，和平抗争 http://0rz.net/fc0tc NAACP Executive Director Roy Wilkins countered that King would have been "outraged" by the disorders and that "millions of Negroes in this country" were opposed to the violence. Wilkins then announced a nationwide campaign against racial violence emphasizing jobs for the unemployed and better community relations. Dr. King 的贡献还有争取言论自由 如着名的 New York Times v. Sullivan 提出了真实恶意 （actual malice）推翻原先的 libelous per se 推定诽谤 http://0rz.net/6c0uh 376 U.S. 254 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF ALABAMA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No. 39 Argued: January 6, 1964 --- Decided: March 9, 1964 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Respondent, an elected official in Montgomery, Alabama, brought suit in a state court alleging that he had been libeled by an advertisement in corporate petitioner's newspaper, the text of which appeared over the names of the four individual petitioners and many others. The advertisement included statements, some of which were false, about police action allegedly directed against students who participated in a civil rights demonstration and against a leader of the civil rights movement; respondent claimed the statements referred to him because his duties included supervision of the police department. The trial judge instructed the jury that such statements were "libelous per se," legal injury being implied without proof of actual damages, and that, for the purpose of compensatory damages, malice was presumed, so that such damages could be awarded against petitioners if the statements were found to have been published by them and to have related to respondent. As to punitive damages, the judge instructed that mere negligence was not evidence of actual malice, and would not justify an award of punitive damages; he refused to instruct that actual intent to harm or recklessness had to be found before punitive damages could be awarded, or that a verdict for respondent should differentiate between compensatory and punitive damages. The jury found for respondent, and the State Supreme Court affirmed. 而这号解释更影响国内 释字 509 号解释 http://nwjirs.judicial.gov.tw/Index.htm 解释字号： 释 字第 509 号 解释日期： 民国 89 年 07 月 07 日 资料来源： 司法院 相关法条： 中华民国宪法 第 11、23 条 ( 36.12.25 ) 中华民国刑法 第 310、311 条 ( 88.04.21 ) 解 释 文： 言论自由为人民之基本权利，宪法第十一条有明文保障，国家应给予 最大限度之维护，俾其实现自我、沟通意见、追求真理及监督各种政治或 社会活动之功能得以发挥。惟为兼顾对个人名誉、隐私及公共利益之保护 ，法律尚非不得对言论自由依其传播方式为合理之限制。刑法第三百十条 第一项及第二项诽谤罪即系保护个人法益而设，为防止妨碍他人之自由权 利所必要，符合宪法第二十三条规定之意旨。至刑法同条第三项前段以对 诽谤之事，能证明其为真实者不罚，系针对言论内容与事实相符者之保障 ，并藉以限定刑罚权之范围，非谓指摘或传述诽谤事项之行为人，必须自 行证明其言论内容确属真实，始能免於刑责。惟行为人虽不能证明言论内 容为真实，但依其所提证据资料，认为行为人有相当理由确信其为真实者 ，即不能以诽谤罪之刑责相绳，亦不得以此项规定而免除检察官或自诉人 於诉讼程序中，依法应负行为人故意毁损他人名誉之举证责任，或法院发 现其为真实之义务。就此而言，刑法第三百十条第三项与宪法保障言论自 由之旨趣并无抵触。 我个人相当尊敬他，有谁还记得 50 年代的世界首富 但是 Dr. King 绝对会为人怀念 ---------- 讲了一堆，希望对有兴趣的人有帮助 --

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