提个贝多芬与出版之间有点关系的部份... 原 PO 所提贝多芬投资银行, 其实不是他的晚期 刚再看了一下 Grove online 那是 1813 左右的事 在 1810 左右, Grove 上说, 他穷的快被鬼抓走, 所以产量大增 而 op.8x-9x 都是他最有名的作品 战争交响曲也为他赚不少钱 no.7 的交响曲也不错...首演都四小时了结束後还被要求安可 所以他有钱後, 开始投资银行 但这之後, 开始发生了着名的卡尔事件 弄得他本来有的钱都快没了 偏偏打官司又耗时, 当时社会也不太安 然後他的赞助人又开始成鸟兽散...自此之後他开始跟莫札特同一国 (以上请看 Grove 中, 第 8 点之後, 1813-1821 这一段) 有关出版社, Grove 中相关的我选下来 (第 18 点中) When a work had been completed it was Beethoven’s concern to find a publisher for it. The importance that he attached to publishers throughout his life is shown by the extent and range of his correspondence with them – for he contrived to persuade himself that his livelihood depended on selling his music to them, though he was in fact maintained largely by aristocratic subventions. At that time all a composer could expect was a lump sum for the sale of a work. Royalties were unknown. Nor was there any international copyright; within his own country a publisher usually enjoyed some protection for the works he had bought, but they could be freely copied (pirated) abroad. Thus it was a composer’s concern to obtain the largest sum for each composition. In the case of Beethoven, whose later works involved many months or even years of labour, there was every inducement to compare the offers of various publishers and to play them off against each other – a form of behaviour that some modern critics, alerted no doubt by Beethoven’s shrill protestations of commercial probity, have found unattractive. 上面这里大概说明了前面一系列文章中的一些问题 One plan that interested him was that of publishing a work simultaneously in more than one country – something that Haydn had done with success. The advantage was that a composer could count on receiving two or more fees, and was thus able to settle for a lower sum from each publisher. From the publisher’s point of view little was lost by sharing a work with a foreign publisher, since in practice the market of each country was more or less independent. In spite of the many practical difficulties of delivering manuscripts and synchronizing publication, Beethoven succeeded in getting a fair number of his compositions published by two or more firms in different countries at about the same time. 上面的是我前面有提的 那时的出版商很少有国际形 所以法/英/义等, 不同地区可能就有不同代理商 多卖是好事, 但问题是, 这也会让乐谱很不统一 因出版商认为 "谱买来了, 我要怎样都行" 所以可能乱改或乱加 或他们跟本不重示原稿 但贝多芬可不这麽认为...所以他有不少信跟跟出版商吵架:P --

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