F 自由 The first and most profound misunderstandig people can have about Wikipedia comes from its subtitle: the free encyclopedia. 人们对於维基百科最首要以及最深刻的误解，来自它的小标题：自由的百科全书 ‘Free’ can mean practically everything. Joachim Gauck, the 2010 presidential candidate in Germany, speaks about the ‘freedom concept of the pubescent’ when someone believes that freedom means ‘I can do anything I want’. In fact, we frequently meet people who complain that ‘their’ article has been deleted, and they wonder how that can happen in a ‘free’ encyclopedia. 「Free」实际上意味着一切。 Joachim Gauck，2010年德国联邦的总统候选人，他说道： 当有人信仰自由是「只要我想做有甚麽不可以」的时候，自由的概念仍是一名青春期的少 年。事实上，我们频繁的接触到人们的抱怨：「他们的」文章被删除了，他们并不预期在 一个「自由的」百科全书发生这样的事。 In Wikipedia, ‘free’ relates to the concept of ‘free content‘, coming from the movement for ‘free and open source software’. Sometimes it is presented as an alternative to copyright; seen from the more European concept of Urheberrecht (rights of the author), it is more of an option. The author can allow that his work can be copied, spread and altered, and as it is the wish of the author, the courts take ‘free content’ serious. 在维基百科内，自由意指「自由内容」，此意源自於「自由暨开放源码软体」运动。有时 候这代表版权的一种选择：从欧洲版权所有的概念(作者的权利)观之，它更代表选择的一 种。该作者能够允许他的劳动成果被复制、散布、再修改，并且一如作者期望的，派生作 品也是自由内容。 In ancient times and the middle ages, immaterial rights where largely unknown. Someone could possess a book, and it was a crime to steal that book, but usually nobody cared if another one copied the book. Especially in the case of an encyclopedia, the writers saw themselves as sedulous bees, as craftsmen and compilers, passing old and proven book knowledge to the next generations. [1] 在古代以及中世纪，无形的权利是被忽视的。某人可以具体地拥有一本书，而偷一本书是 犯罪行为，但是没有人会介意另一个人去复印那本书。由其是百科全书，百科全书的作者 视己如孜孜不倦辛勤工作的蜜蜂，又如工匠或编译者，透过(抄录)书籍将知识传递给下一 代人。 Some essential things changed during the late middle ages and beyond. Knowledge could become dated because of experiments; the quantity of knowledge exploded and needed reduction to comprehensive summaries; authors claimed originality and were no longer too modest to publish under their own name. And, even it took a long time, the production of books became cheaper. In the middle ages, an encyclopedia existed usually in some hundred (hand written) copies, in the 18th century it were some thousand copies, and after that ten thousands or even more. 但在中世纪的晚期以及之後，一些事情发生本质上的变化。 由於实验，知识可以过时； 知识数量爆炸且需要将之删减成为统整性的结论；作者们宣称原创且不再吝於以自己的 名号出版。而且，经过很长的时间，制作书籍的成本降低了，一部百科全书有上百份 (手抄)副本，在18世纪达到上千份，而之後是数万或者更多。 In the 19th century, it was no longer possible to write an encyclopedia by pure plagiarism, also thanks to modern copyright. Texts and pictures became ‘ unfree’, as some of the activists for ‘free content’ might say. Information itself remained much more difficult to ‘protect’, everyone is free to say that Mount Everest is 8848 meters high and that Buenos Aires has 2.7 million inhabitants. 在19世纪，不可能再藉由纯粹的抄写而写出一部百科全书，这要感谢现代的版权观念。一 些积极的自由内容运动份子也许会这麽宣称，文字与图片成为「不自由的」。资讯本身仍 是难以「被保护」的，人人都可以自由地说圣母峰高8848公尺，而布宜诺斯艾利斯有270 万人。 Free content: Margarita Philosophica (1503)<插图文字> Also for Wikipedians it is difficult to tell exactly what they are allowed and what not, or what is suitable to do. There are texts and pictures that became free because of old age, for example previous editions of Britannica and Meyer. The English and German language Wikipedians were not always enthusiast about e.g. Britannica articles of 1911 – it took a lot of time to make them a little bit up to date. 所以对於维基人来说，难以明确的说甚麽是允许的而甚麽不被允许，或甚麽事是适合的。 现存许多文字与图片已然成为自由的，因为它们够老，举例来说前几版的大英百科和 Meyer就是如此。但是英文、德文维基人不全然乐於接受1911年版的大英百科文章─ 因为 要更新它的一点点内容就旷日废时。 In summer 2009, the case of the London National Portrait Gallery (NPG) was hotly discussed. An American Wikipedian, Derrick Coetzee, took for about 3,300 pictures from the NPG’s website and uploaded them to Wikimedia Commons. The pictures were free because their age, but NPG complained at Wikimedia Foundation. NPG had paid more than a million pound to scan the pictures and wanted to make money with high-resolution versions (the pictures on the website were presented originally in a way that made downloading and copying difficult). In Britain it is possible that a database is protected by copyright, NPG said, but WMF answered that the comparison to a database does not work. 在2009年的夏天，人们热烈讨论伦敦国家肖像画廊(NPG)的案例。一名美国维基人， Derrick Coetzee，从NPG的网站取得了大约3300幅图片并将之上传到维基共享网站。这些 图片因为年代久远，它们是自由的，但是NPG仍向维基媒体基金会有所抱怨。NPG花费超过 一百万英镑扫描了图片并且打算藉由高解析度的图片获取收益(NPG网站上展示的图片难以 下载和复制)。NPG声称，在英国，一个资料库有可能被版权所保护。但是维基媒体基金会 则反对版权适用於该资料库。 One year later, Wikipedian Liam Wyatt asked on his blog: ‘ Who would you least expect to attend GLAMWIKI-UK?’ Indeed: the head of rights & reproductions at the National Portrait Gallery, Mr. Tom Morgan. After Mr. Morgans presentation ‘Wikipedia and the National Portrait Gallery – A bad first date?’, Liam Wyatt had a nice conversation with him. Their disagreement on some legal principles remained, but Liam Wyatt described the atmosphere with a quote from a tv show: ‘You can happily question our methods, we do that all the time, but don’t question our motives’. 在一年之後，维基人 Liam Wyatt在他的网志中自问自答：谁是英国维基媒体协会会议 活动最意外的嘉宾？ 是伦敦国家肖像画廊的权利代表，汤姆摩根先生。在摩根先生 进行「维基百科与国家肖像画廊有一次糟透的初遇」简报过後，两人有过一段愉快交谈。 他形容彼此之间在法律原则仍存有歧异，但他引用电视节目的一句话来形容见面气氛： You can happily question our methods, we do that all the time, but don’t question our motives’. —– Previously: A as in Advertisement, B as in Balance, C as in Cooperations, D as in Deletions,E as in Encyclopedia —– [1] Robert Luff: Wissensvermittlung im europäischen Mittelalter. ‘Imago mundi’-Werke und ihre Prologe. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1999, p. 414. --

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