作者: cinson (cincin) 看板: IA 标题: [新闻] 印第安语面临危机 时间: Fri Oct 17 22:34:22 2008 标题:Its Native Tongue Facing Extinction, Arapaho Tribe Teaches the Young 印第安腔调可能消逝, Arapaho部落回头教小孩 来源:http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/17/us/17arapaho.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin Its Native Tongue Facing Extinction, Arapaho Tribe Teaches the Young By DAN FROSCH Published: October 16, 2008 RIVERTON, Wyo. — At 69, her eyes soft and creased with age, Alvena Oldman remembers how the teachers at St. Stephens boarding school on th e Wind River Reservation would strike students with rulers if they dared to talk in their native Arapaho language. RIVERTON, 怀俄明 -- 69岁, 她的眼神柔软与年长的皱纹 Alvena Oldman 记得他的老师 St. Stephens 抽查Wind River旁学校的学生，要是敢说 Arapaho的话的话，就拿尺打他。 “We were afraid to speak it,” she said. “We knew we would be punished.” 我们不敢说，会被打呀！ More than a half-century later, only about 200 Arapaho speakers are still alive, and tribal leaders at Wind River, Wyoming’s only Indian reservation, fear their language will not survive. As part of an intensifying effort to save that language, this tribe of 8,791, known as the Northern Arapaho, recently opened a new school where students will be taught in Arapaho. Elders and educators say they hope it will create a new generation of native speakers. 超过半个世纪，大约剩200个Arapaho话语者仍在世，部落长者，怀俄明的风河旁，印第安 保留区，担心他们的语言不再存活下去。为了增强保护语言的效力，部落中的八千七百九 十一人，也就是Northern Arapaho，长者与学生创造新世代的母语人。 “This is a race against the clock, and we’re in the 59th minute of the last hour,” said a National Indian Education Association board member, Ryan Wilson, whom the tribe hired as a consultant to help get the school off the ground. Like other tribes, the Northern Arapaho have suffered from the legacy of Indian boarding institutions, established by the federal government in the late 1800s to “Americanize” Native American children. It was at such schools that teachers instilled the “kill the Indian, save the man” philosophy, young boys had their traditional braids shorn, and students were forbidden to speak tribal languages. 这是种族对抗时间的竞赛，我们在__最後一小时的第五十九分钟__国家印第安教育中心 成员Ryan Wilson如此说，他被聘为部落顾问来帮助学校把语言教学办起来。 Northern Arapaho部落传承印第安寄宿机构，成立於联邦政府始於十九世纪的 「美国化」印第安小孩。这是那种学校教导"kill the Indian, save the man"的想法。 小男孩留着印第安辫子，被禁止说部落的话。 The discipline of those days was drummed into an entire generation of Northern Arapaho, and most tribal members never passed down the language. Of all the remaining fluent speakers, none are younger than 55. 那些校规影响整个Northern Arapaho几个世代，几乎全部没有传下语言。能全部流利的 语者，全都老於五十五岁。 That is what tribal leaders hope to change. About 22 children from pre-kindergarten through first grade started classes at the school — a rectangular one-story structure with a fresh coat of white paint and the words Hinono’ Eitiino’ Oowu’ (translation: Arapaho Language Lodge) written across its siding. 这是酋长希望改变的。约二十二个小孩在预备幼稚园开始他们的第一堂课--一个平常的 一个故事的架构与白色新大衣还有一个新字 Hinono' Eitiino' Oowu' (翻译：阿拉帕荷 语小屋）写在它的旁边。 Here, set against an endless stretch of windswept plains and tufts of cottonwoods, instructors are using a state-approved curriculum to teach students exclusively in Arapaho. All costs related to the school, which has an operating budget of $340,000 a year, are paid for by the tribe and private donors. Administrators plan to add a grade each year until it comprises pre-kindergarten through 12th-grade classes. 这里，无尽大平原的呼啸与一束杨木的画面，教员以州立教程教导学生准确使用Arapaho。 所有的花费都有赖学校，一年预算有三十四万，来自部落与私人贡献。行政人员计画每年 增加一个班级从学前教育到十二年级。 “This environment is a complete reversal of what occurs too often in schools, where a child is ridiculed or reprimanded for speaking one’s heritage language,” said Inee Y. Slaughter, executive director of the Indigenous Language Institute, a group in Santa Fe, N.M., that works with tribes on native languages. 学校发生了完全颠倒的事情，以前学生嘲笑或斥责说部落话的人。Inee Y. Slaughter说。 Indigenous Language Institute所长。在Santa Fe, N.M.,在部落里研究部落的语言。 “I want my son to talk nothing but Arapaho to me and my grandparents,” said Kayla Howling Buffalo, who enrolled her 4-year-old son, RyLee, in the school. 我要我儿子用阿拉帕荷语跟我还有我爸聊天，只有阿拉帕荷语。Kayla Howling Buffalo说 ，并带着他四岁女儿RyLee注册。 Ms. Howling Buffalo, 25, said she, too, had been inspired to take Arapaho classes because her grandmother no longer has anyone to speak with and fears she is losing her first language. Howling Buffalo,25,说她被Arapaho的班机启发，因为他的祖母不再有人可以聊天，担心 他失去他母语。 Such sentiments are not uncommon on the reservation and have become more pronounced in the five years since Helen Cedar Tree, at 96 the oldest living Northern Arapaho, made an impassioned plea to the tribe’s council of elders. 这种不寻常的感情在保留区被更多的讨论中，在这五年中，将Helen Cedar Tree，96岁 住在北Arapaho，以热烈的请求带到部落的长者会议中。 “She said: ‘Look at all of you guys talking English, and you know your own language. It’s like the white man has conquered us,’ ” said Gerald Redman Sr., the chairman of the council of elders. “It was a wake-up call.” 她说：「看看你们说英文的，你们知道你们的语言象白人统治我们」 Gerald Redman Sr主席说。 -------------Part II------------- A group of Arapaho families had sent their children to a pre-kindergarten language program for years, but it was not enough. Heeding Ms. Cedar Tree’s words, the tribe began using Arapaho dictionaries, night classes, CDs made by the tribe, and anything they could find to help resuscitate the language. In the end, “we knew in our hearts that immersion was the only way we were going to turn this around,” said Mr. Wilson, a member of the Oglala Lakota tribe. He was referring not just to the potential for the Arapaho language’s extinction but to a host of other problems that have long plagued the vast reservation, which the tribe shares with the Eastern Shoshone. “Language-immersion schools offer an environment that goes beyond teaching the language,” Ms. Slaughter said. “It provides a safe place where a child’s roots are nurtured, its culture honored, and its being valued.” According to tribal statistics and the United States Attorney’s Office in Wyoming, 78 percent of household heads on the reservation are unemployed, the student dropout rate is 52 percent and crime has been rising. Most recently, in June, three teenage girls were found dead in a low-income housing complex. The F.B.I. has not yet released autopsy results, but many tribal members think drugs or alcohol were involved. The deaths left the reservation reeling. Officials here hope that the school will herald a positive change, just as programs elsewhere have helped native youth become conversational in their tribal languages, enhancing cultural pride and participation in the process. A groundswell of language revitalization efforts has led to successful Indian immersion schools in Hawaii, Montana and New York. Studies show that language fluency among young Indians is tied to overall academic achievement, and experts say such learning can have other positive effects. “Language seems to be a healing force for Native American communities,” said Ellen Lutz, executive director of Cultural Survival, a group based in Cambridge, Mass., that is working with the Northern Arapaho. At a recent ceremony to celebrate the school’s opening, held in an old tribal meeting hall, three young girls sang shyly in Arapaho. Behind them, a row of elders sat quietly, their faces wizened and stoic, legs shuffling rhythmically as familiar words carried through the building. “They are the ones who whispered it on the playground when nobody was looking,” Mr. Wilson said, referring to the elders. “If we lose that language, we lose who we are.” -- 辉煌与失落 --

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