一、解释名词（各5％） 1.institutional entrepreneur 2.relation carrier 3.institutional logic 4.agency theory 5.transaction-cost economics 二、简答题（各15％） 1.请简要翻译并比较Veblen和Commons对於行为的观点。 Veblen：”Not only is the individual’s conduct edged about and directed by his habitual relations to his fellows in the group, but these relations, being of an institutional character, vary as the institutional scene varies.” Commons:"suggesting that a more appropriate unit of economic analysis was the tr仰， saction, a concept borrowed from legal 缸1alysis. "The transaction is transaction or more wills giving, taking, persuading, coercing, defrauding, commanding, obeying, competing, governing, in a world of scarcity, mechanisms and rules of conduct" 2.请简要翻译并比较Merton和Selznick对於结构过程的观点。 Merton：＂There may ensue, in particular vocations and in particular types of organization, the process of sanctification ....﹝T﹞hrough sentiment-formation, emotional dependence upon bureaucratic symbols and status, and affective involvement in spheres of competence and authority﹔there develop prerogatives involving attitudes of moral legitimacy which are established as values in their own right, and are no longer viewed as merely technical means for expediting administration.＂ Selznick：＂Institutionalization is a process. It is something that happens to an organization over time, reflecting the organization's own distinctive history the people who have been in it, the groups it embodies and the vested interests they have created, and the way it has adapted to its environment .... In what is perhaps its most significant meaning, "to institutionalize" is to infuse with value beyond the technical requirements of the task at hand. 3.请简要翻译Schumpeter和Fligstein对於制度企业家理论的看法。 Schumpeter:"Schumpeter emphasized functions and activities rather than personal characteristics, allowing for the possibility that the functions may be distruibuted across actors and recognizing that the entrepreneurial process does not "create" new resources, but combines existing resources in novel ways" Fligstein:"elaborated by Fligstein, who examines the kinds of "social skills’, required to induce cooperation among others with varying agendas and interests. Such individuals are able to focus attention on "evolving collective ends," constructing shared meanings as common agendas are configured, and broker agreements among diverse individuals and interests . These types of social skills may be as or more important than the technical skills commonly emphasized. 三、申论题(30%) (1)请说明制度设计的三个支柱(Pillars)、四个承载者(carrier)、及六个层次(level) (2)请以讨论课所讨论的理论或是实例说明三个支柱、承载者和层次如何分析。 --

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