原文转载 http://www.guidetocoachingbasketball.com/history.htm History of Basketball Coaching from 1922 to 2006 From the day Dr. Naismith invented the game in 1892 there has been a gradual changing of the rules. This was done in order to make the game exciting. Somebody said, "this single sport attracts more player participation than any other sport in America." 自 1892 年 Naismith 博士发明篮球这项美妙的运动以来，它的规则就 不断随着时间而改变。改变规则的目的，是要让球赛变得更刺激，有人 曾经语带夸示地说：「在美国，受篮球所吸引而参与的人口，要比其它 任何运动来得多。」 The offensive skills have vastly improved since my birth in 1922. In my opinion, this has been due to better nurturing, coaching, and facilities. This, coupled with improved coaching techniques, has put a heavy burden on the defensive part of the game. Over the years, defenses have change out of necessity, to keep up with these improved offensive skills. This still continues in 2001. 从我於 1922 年出生到现在，关於篮球的进攻战术（按：skills依上下文 ，译为「战术」似乎较「技巧」、「技能」来得贴切。虽然究其意，应该 是指一个包含「战术」与「技巧」的集合名词，但目前想不到更好的字眼 来诠释）已有长足的进步。就我个人的意见，其中原因在於营养程度的普 遍提高、教练的研发、与训练设设施的完备。以上种种因素再加上执教技 术的进步，使得篮球比赛中的防守方，必须承受巨大的压力。因此，这些 年来，防守同样应需要而作出改变，以对抗日趋精良的进攻技巧。这样的 过程一直持续到现在，2001 年。 The early offensive skills, compared to today’s standards, were crude. Ball handling, dribbling, and shooting were far behind that of today. Most of us, in those earlier times, honed our skills in front of a barn door, with a basketball so lop-sided it would have been impossible to cross-over behind your back. In our shots, we had to allow for the wind, too. 以今天的表准来检视早期的进攻战术，是非常残忍的一件事；过去在持 球（handling）、运球切入（dribbling）与投射（shooting）等技巧方 面，比起今日是远远不及。那时候，我们只能带着篮球在谷仓门前练习 。不规则的场地让我们无法背後换手运球；每次出手投篮，甚至还要考 虑风的影响。 Since the lay-up and shots at short range were the only good percentage shot for most of these early players, it was necessary to execute the pass exceedingly well. Most coaches discouraged dribbling because it took away team play and was often called "showboating". 既然早期的选手只有上篮（lay-up）与短距离投射比较有把握，如何把 球传进去就变得非常重要。大部分的教练因此认为球员持球切入会破坏 团队合作，而不加以鼓励，且时常称之为「卖弄技巧」。 Almost every player shot a two-handed underhand free throw that started from around the knees, or lower. Medium and long-shots were even taken in this manner into the early 1930’s; however, the shooter had to be 8 to 10 feet away from his defender to get the shot off. In the 1930’s some players began to develop an accurate outside two-handed set shot that started from the chest. The taller players were using hook shots within 4 to 10 feet of the basket in the late 1920’s. Defense dominated the game until the middle 1920’s. A good straight man-to-man drawn back into the lane made penetration difficult. Most game scores were low, usually in the 30’s. Each defensive player’s responsibility was to keep his man from scoring. He could expect to receive no more than token help from a teammate. Those were the days when you saw a true man-to-man defense. 直到三零年代早期，几乎所有的球员都还在使用樱木花道的马桶式罚球 ，甚至中远距离的投篮也是如此。可想而知，投篮的选手必须远离防守 者八到十尺远才能够出手。差不多三零年代左右，某些球员也开发出了 用双手从胸部开始推出的立定投篮姿势，也有不错的外线准度。二零年 代晚期，个子高的球员都在篮框附近四到十尺的距离以钩射（hook sh- ot）拿分。防守在二零年代中期以前，主宰了比赛的胜负。如果球队能 够熟练从人盯人防守（man-to-man defense）变为紧缩篮下的方式，那 麽持球渗透（penetration）将异常困难。三零年代的时候，比赛分数都 很低；防守球员的任务就是让对手不要投篮。他们所能够得到的支援也 相当稀少，换句话说说，那个年代的盯人防守，可算是真正的一对一防 守。 Structured Basketball Offense Straight man-to-man defense began to lose its effectiveness when coaches began to structure offenses using screens and set plays. Since outside shooting and dribbling was discouraged, passing was the available skill that produced the desired lay-up or high-percentage shot. In those days, passing was considered the most important skill. In 1920, the rules committee even considered making the dribble illegal. The New York Celtics, World Professional Champions at that time, endorsed the action. They felt the dribble was a poor substitute for the pass and hurt the game. 自从教练开始在进攻面使用包含掩护（screens）与套路（set plays） 的组织化进攻战术（structure offenses）後，这种单纯的盯人防守即 逐渐失去效果。既然外线投篮与带球切入不被鼓励，利用传球（passi- ng）制造机会绝佳的上篮，或高命中率的投篮就成为实用的技巧。那个 年代里，传球被视为最重要的技巧。1920年，规则委员会甚至考虑将运 球非法化。当时世界职业篮球冠军队：纽约塞尔特人队，也赞同这项规 则。他们认为运球切入不能用来取代传球，甚至会危害比赛的品质（按 ：应指球队的比赛品质）。 In the late 1920’s, as players began a gradual improvement in shooting and dribbling skills, the pass to get the close-in shot became less important. In the past 70 years shooting and dribbling skills have vastly improved; however, the skills for a penetrating pass has little or no improvement. This deficiency has a lot to do with the great successes of coaches using multiple defenses, today. Coach Dean Smith is a perfect example. 二零年代晚期，随着球员投射与运球切入技能的逐渐进步，把球往内传 的攻击方式变得不再如此重要（按：或许可以理解为喂球之类的技巧） 。虽然过去七十年间，投射与持球切入这类技巧已经有了长足的进步， 但切入渗透後分球的技术几乎没有任何进展。那是因为当时的教练能够 熟练地使用复合多样的防守方式，他们在压制切入分球这点上，取得了 巨大的成功。Dean Smith 的防守系统即为当代有名的例子。 The Initial Passing or Motion Offenses It may surprise you young coaches to know that the popular passing and motion offenses being used today were initially used in the 1920’s. They were used then for the same reasons coaches use them in 2001: to get a high percentage shot against a tough man-to-man defense. In the 1920’s a high percentage shot was a lay-up. In 2001 it is a shot without a hand in your face. Those early pioneers spread the offense more than is used today. A 1-2-2 set was often used with screens taking place in the lane. If the screen was successful, he could get an uncontested lay-up. You see, weak-side help had not yet been perfected. When a defensive man could not fight over a screen his man would be open for an easy shot. Back then, the defensive man was taught to concentrate on his own man. In 2001, a good man-to-man defense sags on the weak-side and is always ready to help defend. If the defense tried to use a switching type of man-to-man, the offense with its constant motion and screening, without the defensive weak-side help, eventually caused a mix-up. This, of course, frees somebody for an open lay-up. This was the ideal offense for those times. Good outside shooters were a rare breed. Even the best college teams never had more than one good shooter. A good field goal percentage for those days was around 33 percent and nobody but the best shooter was allowed shots beyond 12 feet. 现今最热门的各种 Motion Offense（按：passing可能指 MO 的特色之 一，可能指 MO 的一种Passing Game；期间细微的差别与演变，容日後 补述），其实早在二零年代左右就出现了。怎麽样，吓到了吧？你们这 些菜鸟教练。不论何时，使用 MO 的理由都是一样的：针对人盯人防守 的阵势，做出空档以提高投篮命中率。不过在二零年代，命中率最高的 投篮方式是上篮；2001年，则是投篮的时候前面没有手在阻挡。过去常 用的MO型态与今日不同，一组1-2-2 落位的 set，通常会运用禁区的掩 护；如果掩护做得成功，空切的球员即可在无人干扰的情况下轻松上篮 得分。讲到这里你可以发现，这种方式在过去之所以有效，是因为当时 弱边协防之观念与技术开发尚不够完整不够完美。因此当防守空切的球 员无法及时挤过掩护时，空切球员就已打开了一个轻松得分的机会。那 时候的防守球员，只有被教导专注於自己的防守对象，没有支援队友的 观念。可是到了2001 年，优异的盯人防守必须做到弱边的下沉（sag） 包夹，且防守球员随时准备相互支援。如果於盯人防守中采用换防（s- witching）的防守方针（按：意指在任何防守球员无法跟上自己的防守 对象时，队友即与之交换防守对象；常见换防的情况为档拆与空手掩护 ）却不重视弱边的协防，则进攻方使用 MO 进行不断掩护（按：掩护、 切与传球是MO的三个基本元素，不过按文意，似乎旧式 MO 特别强调掩 护的成分）的方式，最终会造成防守方的错乱。不用我说，进攻方会有 人打开轻松上篮的机会。这就是过去理想的进攻模式。不过那个年代， 精准的射手是稀有财。即使是全美顶尖的大学球队，也从未一次拥有一 个以上的好射手。当时的投篮命中率只要在差不多三成三左右，就已经 算得上相当不错，而且只有这些射手有权限於十二尺以外的距离出手。 Zone Basketball Defenses Became Popular In the mid-1930’s and 1940’s this type of offense led to zone defenses becoming popular. The zone was the answer to taking a team out of its offense. Lay-ups were more difficult and most of the shots came from 10 feet or more. Usually this shot was from a set position. Most zones, then, were the lay-back type forcing more outside shots. Good outside shooting always forced the zone farther out on the floor, opening up to more penetration for closer to the basket shots. The use of zones made it necessary for coaches to improve and encourage outside shooting skills. 自三零年代中期到四零年代，上述初代的MO，导致了区域防守（Zone Defense）的普及。区域防守正是压制当时进攻方式的解答，让篮下上篮 更加困难，并迫使对手从十尺以外的地方出手。对手针对区域防守所做 的投篮，通常来自於特定位置（按：区域防守通常有几个死角较难防范 ，比如说短角）。我们可以轻易推知，区域防守源自於逼迫对手多投外 线的想法。可是当队员们练好一手外线，就能够迫使区域防守往外延伸 ，制造更多渗透而取得距离篮框较近位置的投篮机会。因此，区域防守 的出现，使教练必须改进并鼓励外线投篮的技术。 Basketball Rule Changes Usually Favors the Offense Spectators always have enjoyed successful offensive play than defense. It is more exciting. Even most players enjoy offense better than defense. 观众看进攻永远比看防守爽，进攻刺激多了，甚至大部分的球员也都乐 於进攻而非防守。 Over the years, if you have paid attention, most rule changes of team sports in America have favored the offense. This is especially true when it comes to basketball. Popularity of the game has increased in the same proportion as has team scores. The rules committee did its part by implementing the 10 second rule in 1932. Five years later, in 1937, they took away the center jump after each score. These two changes changed the game dramatically. 如果你有注意那些美国团队运动规则的演变，不难发现这些年来，绝大 部分的规则改变有利於进攻方，尤其是篮球。球赛比分提高的比率，与 篮球人口增加的比率是相同的。篮球规则委员会於 1932 年制定了十秒 过半场的规则；五年後，他们拿掉了每次进球後，中锋重新跳球的规定 。这两项规则改变，大大改变了篮球比赛。 A basketball injury removed me from any participation from 1936 until 1939 and I hardly recognized my favorite game once I recovered. With the ball being taken out-of-bounds at the end of the court after each score, a new offensive threat came on the scene. It was called the fast break. This created more action and the game became increasingly popular in high schools here in Indiana. Now it was possible for teams to score before a defense could set up at the opposite end and protect the basket area. Teams who adapted scored 50 to 70 percent of their points from the fast break. 1936年，我在球场上受了相当严重的伤。直到 1939 年返回球场时，我 惊讶地发现，自己已经几乎不认识心中最爱的篮球了。每次得分後，对 手即从底线发球而非重新跳球，这项转变带来了新的进攻威胁：快攻（ fast break）。快攻让比赛更具活动力，也因而提升了Indiana 这里， 高中学校的篮球普及程度。现在，球队将有机会於对手在季几的篮下布 好防守阵势、准备保护篮框之前，快速进攻得手。善於快攻的球队，每 场比赛的得分中，快攻可以占有五成到七成的比率。 -------------------------------------------------------------- 如有问题，欢迎指教。 --

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