作者tijj (my two cents)
看板Eng-Class
标题Re: [文法] 与事实相反
时间Mon Jan 14 19:18:53 2013
(问了这麽多问题没人回, 类似板上极少数草率不用心写的作文所以没人批改? 唉)
※ 引述《l10nel (小失)》之铭言:
: ※ 引述《tijj (my two cents)》之铭言:
: : 推 tijj:d之外,c可以是正确选项. 01/08 11:10
每个人说话是有对象的,而非凭空喊c喊d.补上几个之前被遗漏的c,d是啥.
※ 引述《hopeliu (阿翔)》之铭言:事实相反(counterfactual)文法问题
: If he ___________ that, he ________________ a thief.
: (c)were to steal will be
: (d)were to steal would be 答案给的是d,c选项不对的理由是?
板面上的回文不是不能截录,但应该还是需力求尽量承接对方的回话观点为前提.
: : 补充一下,如果出题老师说c错,就给他/她看
: : 麻省理工所出版的语文逻辑学系列教科书:
: : Conditionals by Nicholas Rescher
: : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2007, pp 23
: : http://ppt.cc/USfK
: : Counterfactual
: Present If he were to do that, he would be a fool.
: Future If he were to do that, he will be a fool.
: Past If he had done that, he would have been a fool.
: 我补上几个之前被遗漏的标签。看到上面几行,立刻引人怀疑的是,作者在此将
谢谢. 原问题本身选项有缺陷. c,d全是were to,都不算counterfactual.
好.既然硬要作答,所以出题用counterfactual到底是什麽角度?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual
Counterfactual may refer to:
Counterfactual thinking
Counterfactual history
Alternate history, a literary genre
Counterfactual definiteness in quantum theory
Counterfactual measurements in quantum theory
Counterfactual conditional, a grammatical form (which also relates to
philosophy and logic)
Counterfactual subjunctive, grammatical forms which in English are known as
the past and pluperfect forms of the subjunctive
mood
(wiki列七种; 为了板面, 加以排版)
Counterfactual果然有多种含意. 因为语文常涉及到哲学、逻辑、心理与感知等等.
也难怪有的语言学家身兼哲学家,也难怪语言学家有时也会采用纯哲学家、纯心理学家
等言论. 就是这个原因.
出题用counterfactual,所以是要以多元角度作答. 我找了上述引证可支持原题目,
也支持d选项,并支持c选项. 因为似乎只有这样才得以作答.
22岁就拿到普林斯顿哲学博士并着有麻省理工、牛津大学、普林斯顿大学等出版社的
众多刊物及教科书的Rescher教授的说法,在我修(非纯语言类的)哲学与逻辑时,也是这样
被教.有些地方的确有重叠於纯语言类, 有的则无.
但无论哪种哪派,都是很棒的多维思考推练.
: 句里确实用了 tomorrow,但後面用 would。奇怪,tomorrow 是未来,不是该用 will ?
: ?真令人替作者的邋遢松散感到尴尬。
: 以上,作者可说以书中自己写的例子,证明自己「if...were to... + would/will 带有
: present/future 对比」一说,根本在胡说八道。
唉, 并非别人看法与您相异,您就可以认定别人说的就是胡说八道.
这里真的不是个人情绪抒发板.
所以您可能还是无法只用自己的(正确?)认知来「先」霸凌、否认或轻视哲学或其他
等等类科所存在的言论. 关於您的以下发言,我也只能佩服, 亦愿您早日一统江山.
: would/will 的区别视为 present/future 的区别,这可不得了,难倒他这麽说你就这麽信
: 了?我倒是第一次听过这种区分法,我认为这完全是错误的。作者就这麽在第 23 页丢下
: 这样的「规则」,给 will 贴了 future 标签,把 would 困在 present 时区里,没有解
: 释为何如此,没有引用实例,完全一副他说了算的姿态。
: (另外的小抱怨:表「未来」的意思,他归类为 counterfactual,这是第二个怪的地方。
: 未来还没发生的事用「与事实相反」称之,这是不精确的想法,我一直建议避免。难倒他
: 是上帝,能精准预测未来一定会不会发生某件事?他也不像雨神可以大言不惭地说:
: it is raining soon。不过话说回来,很多传统文法书、中文作者的文法书、台湾老师,
: 都犯了这个思想不精确的毛病。)
: 整本书里,是否举了其他例子来佐证这个 would/will = present/future 观点?看看书
: 里所有关於 if ... were to 的例子(数字和大写是我加上去的):
: 1 One classic instance is Albert Einstein’s pondering the question of what
: the WOULD would look like if one were to travel along a ray of light.
: 2 But if you were to say “The market is open if, but only if it is Thursday"
: your statement WOULD seem to deny (erroneously) that Tuesday is also a market
: day.
: 3 (counterfactual, subjunctive) If he were to invite me, I WOULD certainly
: refuse.
: 4 (speculative) If he were to come [which is unknown one way or the other],
: then we WOULD have a foursome.
: 5 (speculative) If it were to rain [which is something we don’t know one way
: or the other], then the newly planted seed WOULD be washed away.
: 6 If he should [or were to] come, he WOULD see me.
: 7 Counterexpected: If he were to come, they WOULD greet him.
: 8 Speculatively future oriented: If I were to sing, my dog WOULD bark.
: 以上 8 例清一色是 would。根据他的「规范」,这些都是表示 present time 现在。真
: 的假的?各位看看句子的内容,这些非得都是现在吗?明天、以後、下个月就不成立了?
: If he were to come,他非得现在来?五分钟内或许吧,一小时内出现算不算「现在」?
: 令人高度怀疑。再者,表示「未来」的 will 怎麽连个影子都没有?
: 终於好不容易找到全书第二个含有 will 的句子:作者说,下面 9 和 10,虽然一个用
: would 一个用 will,但意思上都是都是 factual,都是可能发生的。
: 咦,前面(第 23 页)不是说,这都是 counterfactual 吗?现在这里又变 factual 了
: ,但句子形式一样!?此外,这里说明 9 和 10 的差别时,为何就不标示出「
: present/future」的区分了?
: 9 (factual, subjunctive) If you were to check the text of Shakespeare’s
: Twelfth Night, you would find that he speaks of midsummer (and not midwinter)
: madness.
: 10 (factual, indicative) If you were to check the text of Shakespeare’s
: Twelfth Night, you will find that he speaks of midsummer (not midwinter)
: madness.
: 好戏还在後头。书里还有这麽一句:
: 11 If he were to come to the conference TOMORROW, I WOULD finally get to meet
: him.
: 句里确实用了 tomorrow,但後面用 would。奇怪,tomorrow 是未来,不是该用 will 吗
: ?真令人替作者的邋遢松散感到尴尬。
: 以上,作者可说以书中自己写的例子,证明自己「if...were to... + would/will 带有
: present/future 对比」一说,根本在胡说八道。
: 看看外面的英语实例:
: http://tinyurl.com/b3kps3p
: What Would I Say Today If I Were to Die Tomorrow?
: 一本书书名大剌剌用了 if...were to...tomorrow (未来) + would,因为这本来就是
: 对的啊。书里搜得到不少的 if i were to die tomorrow, I would...。各位尽量去搜别
: 的书,相信找到的 if...were to,无论 if 子句有没有具体指涉 now 还是未来某时间
: (tomorrow, next year, etc.),其搭配 would 的(或 could/might)实例数目,绝对
: 压倒性多过 will/can/may。这个悬殊的比例就是文法规则的内化的表现。实际的语料也
: 说明了,would/will = present/future 这点毫无根据。
: 奉劝不要因为一本书怎麽写,就毫不思索地信以为真并拿来宣扬,对自己和他人都没好处
: 。
: 说到 conditionals,文献一堆,良莠不齐,介绍一本写得极为严谨(比如,不用
: counterfactual 称呼未发生的事或 were to 句子,也没有凭空捏造的 will/would =
: present/future 区别),又基於语料事实试图加以归纳整理的书:
: Conditionals: A Comprehensive Empirical Analysis
: By Renaat Declerck, Susan Reed
: http://tinyurl.com/acq2ztz
: 此书第 215-219 页专门说明 were to (表可能性小)的主要用法。
: 除了大量的实例显示使用正规的 would 外,此书的确指出了 were to 搭配现在式助动词
: will, can 等字,不无可能,但是所举的这些少数例子,句子内容有其特殊设定、语义
: ,作者并对说话者为何用 will 提出可信的合理化论据。这些特例的情境,远在
: If he were to steal that, he would be a thief. 这种「正常」句之外。有的这类例子
: ,作者将之改回为含有 would 的句子,原意不变。
: 这本书以务实、讲理的方式处理 would/will,视前者为正常情况,後者为罕见特例(需
: 符合特定的合适情境),真确反应了语言现实。
※ 编辑: tijj 来自: 114.32.55.93 (01/14 19:21)
1F:→ TouchAgain:这篇似乎比较像你在抒发你的情绪 :) 01/14 20:12
2F:推 hopeliu:各学科都有价值,都值得尊重。像TouchAgain就没有任何贡献 01/14 20:48