http://www.wretch.cc/blog/Mares&article_id=6691714 "Jaws" 1975年Steven Spielberg 所导的钜作 one of the greatest hits of all-time 让大白鲨和深不见底的蓝海 成为人类最深层的恐惧 船只失事 水手落难 总是伴随着鲨鱼鳍环绕 伺机吃人的画面 连卡通影片都常拿来当题材发挥 我想要是教科书想解释什麽叫"刻板印象" 这大概会是史上最好的例子 这也要归功於Jaws的大成功 这一定是电影对於形象塑造影响力的最佳展现 虽然实际上 以鲨鱼的天性 是根本不会轻易靠近人类的 " Sharks are inherently SHY! " 这是我自己在巴哈马当鲨鱼义工期间 亲身去体验过的 我曾被十数只4~5米长的加勒比海礁鲨所环绕 这种鲨鱼是具有攻击性的种类 所以在鲨鱼里面算是相当不怕生的 而且那时他们因水里高浓度的鱼血而陷入了 feeding frenzy 正疯狂地追逐着我们下水前抛入水中的梭鱼肉块 有几次我甚至可以感受到他们在我面前急转身时带来的强劲水流 但是不论他们再靠近 也仅止於1~2米左右 我曾尝试着更接近他们 但马上就被拉开距离 不可能再越雷池一步了 基本上 他们对人类是相当畏惧的 就像我们惧怕他们一样 试想 假如有一天你家门口降下了一辆飞碟 里面跳出来一只你从没看过的外星生物 你会躲得远远的 偷看他们到底想干嘛? 还是冲上去给他一顿饱拳? Do you think the latter makes any sense? 人类之於鲨鱼 其实就像是外星生物一样 他们从来没看过 或是很少看过我们 害怕都来不及了 怎麽会一见面就想咬一口 试试味道如何? Actually, we are just not on the menu of sharks. 来看看 "Jaws" 小说原作 Peter Benchley 在他的新书 "Shark Trouble" 里写了什麽吧 他坦白地承认这本书 乃至於後来的电影 为鲨鱼带来太多不实的指控: "We knew so little back then, and have learned so much since, that I couldn't possibly write the same story today. I know now that the mythic monster I created was largely a fiction. I also know now, however, that the genuine animal is just as —if not even more —fascinating." 节录自国家地理杂志对Benchley的专访: NGM: There is so much misinformation and fear about sharks in our society. What are some of the most common and off-base misperceptions? PB: The most common and off-base misperception is the theory that sharks target humans, that they are man-eaters. Nothing could be further from the truth. Every time you see on TV people surrounded by sharks, the chances are 99 percent that [the sharks] have been baited, and it gives a false impression because by nature sharks will stay away from people. NGM: What do you make of the media coverage of shark attacks, such as in the summer of 2001, when in fact attacks are infrequent and rarely fatal? PB: The so-called Summer of the Shark, pronounced on the cover of Time magazine in July 2001, only existed because Time proclaimed it so. The statistics did not support that assertion, and in fact at the end of the year the number of attacks and fatalities was actually down. I believe it has to do with a change in how the media works, the volume of coverage with cable television, the Internet, cell phones, and satellites. So a local shark attack—a non-fatal attack that would normally have gotten no coverage at all beyond maybe a mention in the local paper—is now all over the world. Like one weekend last summer when perhaps six people were bitten by sharks in a single weekend (in Volusia County, Florida). It turned out that sharks were schooling and feeding right off the beach, in plain sight, and that these people were surfers so impatient to catch waves that they waded out across the top of the sharks, stepping over feeding sharks. After a while, perception becomes reality. After you see so many reports of attacks, you begin to think it extraordinary, because you've never seen so many reports of attacks. It's because the changing media is reporting them differently, not because there are an extraordinary amount of attacks. NGM: In your new book you discuss how to speak with kids about sharks and the sea. Can you share some of those thoughts about a common-sense approach to the ocean? To me the best thing is to educate kids to grow up respecting the ocean and knowing about it. If they grow up ignorant of it they will never learn the kind of respect that will preserve the ocean, and also themselves. They've got to be taught that it's the greatest wilderness on the planet, and that 80 percent of all the living things on the planet live there, and that they've got to eat. We have no entitlement to swim safely there. We're the alien there, and we have to play by their rules. It's similar to driving a car —you don't license people to drive until they know the basics. There should be some way to educate kids to understand what they're doing when they swim in the ocean, and to understand how to take precautions against ocean conditions like tides, currents, and the like. Also to heed the hungry animals who live there. People tend to place themselves at the top of the marine food chain, as well as the terrestrial, but they're not. 若是有机会 我相信Peter Benchley不会希望Jaws成为史上最出名的恐怖片 因为这部片子将大白鲨彻底污名化 自此被打入十八层地狱永不翻身 只有真的跟鲨鱼有过实际接触的人们 潜水客 科学家 才知道Jaws描述的情形 并不符合实际的情况 人类太过自大 才会潜意识认为任何在水里的东西都会想攻击我们 不少人在这30年内 付出很多的努力 想为人类对於鲨鱼的"歧视"做出平反 但 Sharks = Insane man-eating killing machine的印象 已因一部电影 深深地刻印在全球人类的文化记忆里 而难以消除了 How sad it is. --

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