Flicker (screen)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Flicker (disambiguation). This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) Flicker is a visible fading[clarification needed] between cycles displayed on video displays, especially the refresh interval on cathode ray tube (CRT) based computer screens. Flicker occurs on CRTs when they are driven at a low refresh rate, allowing the brightness to drop for time intervals sufficiently long to be noticed by a human eye – see persistence of vision and flicker fusion threshold. For most devices, the screen's phosphors quickly lose their excitation between sweeps of the electron gun, and the afterglow is unable to fill such gaps – see phosphor persistence. A similar effect occurs in PDPs during their refresh cycles. For example, if a Cathode Ray Tube computer monitor's vertical refresh rate is set to 60 Hz, most monitors will produce a visible "flickering" effect, unless they use phosphor with long afterglow. Most people find that refresh rates of 70–90 Hz and above enable flicker-free viewing on CRTs. Use of refresh rates above 120 Hz is uncommon, as they provide little noticeable flicker reduction and limit available resolution. Since the shutters used in liquid crystal displays for each pixel stay at a steady opacity, they do not flicker, even when the image is refreshed. The backlights of such displays typically operate in the range of 150–250 Hz. The lighting used in film projectors is typically an incandescent lamp or arc lamp, which does not flicker, but some degree of flicker is desirable to help decrease the flicker fusion threshold comfortably below film's typical framerate of 24 fps. This is usually accomplished with a shutter which causes the lamplight to apparently strobe on and off at a multiple of the framerate, most often 48–96 Hz. The exact refresh rate necessary to prevent the perception of flicker varies greatly based on the viewing environment. In a completely dark room, a sufficiently dim display can run as low as 30 Hz without visible flicker.[citation needed] At normal room and TV brightness this same display rate would produce flicker so severe as to be unwatchable. Another factor in detecting flicker is peripheral vision. The human eye is most sensitive to flicker at the edges of our field of view, and least sensitive at the center of gaze (the area being focused on). As a result, the greater the portion of our field of view that is occupied by a display, the greater is the need for high refresh rates. This is why computer monitor CRTs usually run at 70 to 90 Hz, while TVs, which are viewed from further away, are seen as acceptable at 60 or 50 Hz (see PAL and NTSC.) Contents [hide] 1 Software artifacts 2 Flicker Frame Video (FLKR FRAME) 3 Health effects 4 External links [edit] Software artifactsFlicker, a flashing effect displeasing to the eye, often occurs through flaws in software, with no hardware faults involved. Flicker in software is caused by a computer program's failure to consistently maintain its graphical state. For example, the practice of blanking an area directly in the frame buffer, then drawing 'on top' of it, makes it possible for the blank region to appear momentarily onscreen. When it is not feasible to set each pixel only once, double buffering can be used. The method involves creating an off-screen drawing surface, drawing to it, and then copying it all at once to the screen. While this technique cuts down on software flicker, it can also be very inefficient.[1] Flicker is also used intentionally by developers on low-end systems to create the illusion of more objects or colors/shades than are actually possible on the system, or as a speedy way of simulating transparency. While typically thought of as a mark of older systems like 16-bit game consoles, the flicker technique continues to be used on new systems, such as the temporal dithering used to fake true color on most new LCD monitors. Video hardware outside the monitor can also cause flicker through many different timing and resolution related artifacts such as screen tearing, z-fighting and aliasing. [edit] Flicker Frame Video (FLKR FRAME)Flicker Frame Video, often called FLKR Frame, is a method of modifying poor-quality video files into files that trick the human eye into seeing a clearer and better image in a video. This is done by doubling the total frames in a video file, and reducing the time of each frame by half. Every other frame is then off-set from the frame before it by 1 or more pixels. When the file is played back, this off-set makes the human eye see clearer edges and a more improved overall image in the film. Contrast, saturation, color and brightness can also be adjusted in opposite frames to increase picture quality in the final playback video file. [edit] Health effectsThe constant refreshing of a CRT monitor can cause various symptoms in those sensitive to it such as headaches in migraine sufferers and seizures in epileptics, if they are photosensitive. Screen filters are available to reduce these effects. A high refresh rate (above 75 Hz) also helps to negate these particular effects. Frequent users of TFT monitors usually are more sensitive to the low refresh rate of CRT monitors as the light behind a TFT monitor (backlight) usually is driven at 40–50 kHz, which is unnoticeable to the human eye. As the flicker is most clearly seen at the edge of our vision there is no obvious risk in using a CRT, but prolonged use can cause a sort of retinal shock where the flickering is seen even when looking away from the monitor. This can create a sort of motion sickness, a discrepancy between the movement detected by the fluid in the inner ear and the motion we can see. Symptoms include dizziness, fatigue, headaches and (sometimes extreme) nausea. The symptoms usually disappear in less than a week without CRT use, and usually only last a few hours unless the exposure has been over a long period. Health effects specific to FLKR FRAME VIDEO include some reports or seizures, but due to the small pixel sized video adjustment, no accurate example of this actually happening has been found. Reports of this come from anecdotal stories from email and the internet. [edit] External linksPredicting flicker thresholds for video display terminals Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flicker_(screen)&oldid=480092044" View page ratingsRate this page Rate this page Page ratings What's this?Current average ratings. Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) I have a relevant college/university degreeIt is part of my professionIt is a deep personal passionThe source of my knowledge is not listed here I would like to help improve Wikipedia, send me an e-mail (optional) We will send you a confirmation e-mail. 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