該篇主要是總結整理了近年一次考試中 涉及鳥類的話題 托福考生的回憶內容，將重點放 到一些相似的英語背景材料分析上，仔細來看看是通過怎樣的實驗來瞭解鳥類學習唱歌這 個過程的。 　　BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION 　　Songbirds include those birds from the order Passeriformes, commonly called passerines. There are approximately 5,400 different species of passerines. The suborder Oscine includes those birds that we tend to think of as your typical songbird, those birds that have complex songs as adults. In the majority of Oscines, the male is the one with the complex singing ability, and there is much diversity among males of different species in the length and complexity of their songs. 　　 Song needs to be developed, just like any other characteristic of songbird behavior. Singing the correct song for that species is not an instinctual process. The need to sing is instinctual, however what song to sing has been found to be learned. When and where young songbirds learn their songs has long been studied. Just as songbirds differ in their songs, they also differ in their song learning process, though some basic principles seem to be the same. Many species learn their song only during the first few months, though a few can learn songs their entire lives. Also differing between species is from who the songs are learned, and how much of the songs are accurately imitated. 　　Some species may exactly copy the songs they are exposed to. On the other hand, many will not exactly imitate the song or songs that they have been exposed to. Instead they will take bits and pieces of it and invent their own song, though usually similar in construction to that which the species normally sings. 　　重點詞彙： 　　Passerine：雀形目的，雀形鳥 　　Oscine：鳴禽類的，鳴禽類的鳥 　　Instinctual：本能的 　　Principles：原則 　　Imitate：模仿，效仿 　　exposed to：曝露於，公開揭露 　　bits and pieces：曲子的部分調子或小節 　　點撥迷津： 　　重點內容是在第二段和第三段，告訴我們鳴禽類唱歌是一種本能，但是如何去學會唱 歌的是實驗所要研究的問題。雖然每種不同的鳴禽有不同的學習過程，但是有一些基本的 原則是相同的，例如大部分的鳥都是在出生的前幾個月學習唱歌。另外一個要關注的問題 就是鳥類是不是準確地模仿到了自己所聽到的歌聲。 　　The Basic Features of Song Learning 　　Nine males song sparrows were collected from the wild from four different broods when they were around 4 to 6 days old. They were raised by people until they were weaned at 33 to 35 days old and then were placed into individual wire-mesh cages. Live tutors were used in this experiment. Four wild-caught adult male song sparrows were used as the tutors. The tutors were placed into flight aviaries and the subject's cages were placed adjacent to the aviaries, so that they could have visual contact with one of the tutors, while still being able to hear the other three singing. Also, the subjects were rotated so that their visual contact with one tutor varied between the tutors. The subjects were there when they were 33 to 94 days old, with the assumption that their sensitive phase lay some time in this time period. 　　When the subjects started singing the next spring, their repertoires were analyzed. The average was seven song types per subject. This does correspond with birds raised exclusively in the wild by their parents. Eight of the nine subjects learned songs from two or more of the tutors and later imitated these songs. 　　In similar experiments in which some birds are exposed to tutors and some are raised in isolation, those birds that were exposed to tutors almost always tend to imitate pieces and even complete songs. Those birds raised in isolation always sang isolate songs. These isolate songs were similar to each other and consist of much more structurally simpler songs than males raised with normal song exposure. 　　重點詞彙： 　　song sparrows: 北美歌雀 　　broods：窩 　　aviary：鳥捨 　　subject：實驗的對象 　　adjacent to：與…連接的 　　rotated：旋轉的 　　repertoires：整段樂曲 　　correspond with：相符合，相一致 　　exclusively：專門的，排外的 　　isolation：孤立，隔離 　　點撥迷津： 　　這是介紹了一種類型的實驗，實驗一是對9只剛出生的北美歌雀統一進行的，另外一 種實驗是以實驗對像分組進行的。 　　統一進行的實驗總結如下： 　　實驗對像：9只剛出生的北美歌雀 　　實驗材料：4只成年的北美歌雀 　　實驗過程：讓9只小鳥由人撫養一個月之後放入到實驗籠中，而在其另一邊放上有4只 成年鳥的籠子。幼鳥能輪流看到其中一隻成年鳥，但是可以聽到所有成年鳥的叫聲。 　　實驗結果：平均每隻鳥會有7種類別的歌聲，9只中有8只都學到了2種或者2種以上的 成年鳥的叫聲。 　　分組實驗總結如下： 　　分類：看的到成年鳥 隔離撫養 　　歌聲：模仿，完整的片段，結構複雜 單一，雷同，結構簡單 　　Sensitive Learning Period 　　There seems to be a specific time period in which songbirds learn their songs. This 「sensitive phase」 is 「when an individual hears and is thought to acquire song models」 （Peters et al. 1992）. Most species learn their songs as juveniles. This learning period lasts from around ten to sixty days of age. This learning period corresponds very closely with the age at which baby birds are in a rehabilitators care. The songs that they are exposed to during this time period are what they will learn from and start singing once they mature. Songbirds do not start to sing until the next spring, once they are around three hundred days old. Once they start to sing, they only imitate songs that they heard during their early sensitive phase. Just a few passerines, such as the European Starling, 「are capable of learning songs later in life」. 　　There is some controversy as to whether live tutoring leads to a longer sensitive phase than does tape tutoring. However, recent experiments show that there is little to support this view. 　　重點詞彙： 　　Specific：特定的，特有的 　　Acquire： 獲得，得到，養成 　　Mature：成熟，長成 　　European Starling：歐椋鳥 　　Controversy：爭論，論戰 　　點撥迷津： 　　鳥類學習唱歌基本上會有一個特定的時間段——「敏感學習期」，在這個時間段內， 一般是出生10到60天左右。在這段時間內聽到或者學習到的歌聲，會在小鳥成熟後開始唱 歌後體現出來，一開始唱出的內容就僅僅是模仿在「敏感學習期」所聽到的內容。但是有 一種歐椋鳥卻是可以在成年以後也能繼續學習唱歌的。 　　有一個爭論是認為聽成年鳥的現場歌聲學習的幼鳥的「敏感學習期」要比聽錄音學習 的幼鳥的「敏感學習期」長，不過這並沒有實驗支持。 原文出處：網上收集哦。 --

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