今天家教臨時請假，來練習一下 有錯請鞭小力一點，謝謝... Topic 4 Learnig Language 語言學習 Language is often considered as the most important component of culture because much of the rest of it is normally transmitted orally. It is impossible to understand the sutble nuances and deep meanings of another culture without knowing its language well. 語言常被視為文化最重要的元素，因為文化的其他部分普遍是由口語傳遞。 若對語言瞭解不深，無論是文化的細微抑或是及深刻意涵皆是不可能理解的。 Young children are inherently capable of learning the necessary phnemes, morphemes, and syntax as they mature. In other words, the have a genetic capacity to learn language. They come into the world as eager learning machines, and language acquisition is a major aspect of this learning. How children actually learn a language is not entirely clear, however. Most linguists believe that they do it primarily by listening to and trying to communicate with adult speakers. Initially, this means that they imitate the phonemes. Later they begin to learn grammar by imitaion as will. 幼兒在成長過程中，天生就有學習必要之音素、語素及句法的能力。也就是 說，他們在基因上就被賦予語言學習的能力。他們就像是個亟欲學習的機器 來到世上，而其中學習的最大部分就是語言的攝取。然而，我們並不完全清 楚兒童是如何學習語言的。大部分的語言學家相信他們主要是藉由聆聽以及 嘗試和大人們溝通來學習語言。一開始，他們先去模仿音素，接者也藉由模 仿來學習文法。 Question for discussion: 1. Why do people usually consider language as the most important part of culture? Please give two examples to illustrate your point. 2. How do children learn theri native language? Do they memorize all the sentences they hear? 1. 為何人們將語言視為文化中最重要的部分？請舉兩個例子來闡述你的論點。 2. 兒童如何學習他們的母語？他們是將所有聽到的句子記下來嗎？ Studies of average American chldren show that there is rapid learning of language in the early years of life. By age one, typically, they use about three words consisting of single morphemes(such as eat, mom, and more). By six years old, they use about 2500 morphemes. Simple sentece construction (such as "more milk") usually has begun by about age two. However, in the early stages, children may start by creating vocabulary and grammar largely of their own construction. They are trying to systematize and regularize theri own simple speech. Parents often enccourage this "baby talk" by imitating it. This provides positive reinforcement to the children to continue learning. However, some parents contunue to do this long after it ceasese to be useful because they think that is sounds cute. When children begin to learn standard grammar, they tend to over regularize it. That is, they learn a general rule and use it in all situations. (This is often known as overgeneralization.) For instance, the past tense of 97% of English verbs is indicated by adding the suffix ed, as in worked. Young children will often apply it to irregular verbs also. Give becomes gived, take becomes taked, eat becomes eated. Unfortunately for children in English speaking societies, theri language has about 165 irregular verbs that must be memorized. Compounding the problem si the fact the 10 most frequently used verbs are irregular (be, have , do, go, say, can, will, see, take, and get). The irregular verbs are very old words in English. Changes in their conjugation have been resisted because they are constantly used in commom speech and most native speakers are comfortable using them. Question for discussion: 3. From your obeservation, when do children start to use single word for communication? When do they begin simple sentence construction? 4. What is "overgeneralization"? Please give 2 examples from English and Chinese for illustration. 5. Why are there irregular verb forms in English? 打累了，先來去喝杯咖啡，晚點繼續 @@ --

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