http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Kuomintang Kuomintang The Kuomintang or Nationalist Party (KMT; Traditional Chinese: 中國國民黨 Hany u Pinyin: Zh?ngg nd?ng, literally the National People's Party of China), is a political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. Tog ether with the People First Party, it forms what is popularly known as the pan -blue coalition, favoring Chinese reunification, in opposition to the pan-gree n coalition, favoring Taiwan independence. KMT party flag Canton of the Flag of the Republic of ChinaOrganized shortly after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty in China, the KMT fought the Beiy ang warlords and the Communist Party of China for control of the country befor e its retreat to Taiwan in 1949. There, it remained the only legal party on Ta iwan until 1991, and until the ROC presidential election, 2000, the ruling par ty of the ROC. Thus the ROC was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as "Nationalist China" after its ruling party. Early years Founded in Guangdong Province on August 25, 1912 by Sung Chiao-jen and Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the KMT was formed from a collection several revolutionary groups, i ncluding the Tongmenghui, as a moderate, democratic socialist party. The party gained a majority in the first National Assembly, but in 1913 Yuan S hikai, who was President as part of an agreement to have the emperor abdicate, dissolved the body, had Sung assassinated, and ordered the Kuomintang suppres sed. The party established a rival government at Guangzhou in 1918 and accepted aid from the Soviet Union after being denied recognition from the western powers. At the first party congress in 1924, which included non-KMT delegates such as members of the CPC, they adopted Sun's political theory, which included the T hree Principles of the People - nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. Soviet advisers--the most prominent of whom was an agent of the Comintern, Mik hail Borodin--began to arrive in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization an d consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the Communist Party of the Sovie t Union, establishing a Leninist party structure that lasted into the 1990s. T he Communist Party China was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with th e KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their party i dentities, forming the First United Front between the two parties. Soviet advi sers also helped the Nationalists set up a political institute to train propag andists in mass mobilization techniques and in 1923 sent Chiang Kai-shek, one of Sun's lieutenants from Tongmeng Hui days, for several months' military and political study in Moscow. Civil and World War In 1926, following the death of Sun Yat-sen, the new Kuomintang leader General Chiang Kai-shek launched the Northern Expedition against the warlord governme nt in Beijing. As he halted briefly in Shanghai in 1927 to purge the Communist s who had been allied with the KMT, the Chinese Civil War began. Kuomintang fo rces took Beijing in 1928 and received widespread diplomatic recognition in th e same year. Thus began the period of "political tutelage," whereby the govern ment was to control the government while instructing the people on how to part icipate in a democratic system. After several military campaigns, the Communists were forced (1934-35) to with draw from their bases in southern and central China. The Kuomintang continued to attack the Communists, even during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). After the defeat of the Japanese, full-scale civil war between the Communists and Nationalists resumed. Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to the cities to defend industrialists and financiers, allowing the Communists to move freely t hrough the countryside. Much of the war from 1946-1949 was financed from Taiwa n's sugar and rice reserves acquired by the KMT. By the end of 1949 the Commun ists controlled almost all of the mainland, as the Kuomintang fled to Taiwan. KMT on Taiwan In 1950 Chiang took office in Taipei under emergency rules which halted democr atic processes until the mainland could be recovered. The various government o rgans previously in Nanjing were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlle d government actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of Chin a retained China's seat in the United Nations until 1971. In the 1970s, the Kuomintang began to allow for "supplemental elections" on Ta iwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives. Although opposition parti es were not permitted, Tangwai (lit, outside the party) representatives were t olerated. In the 1980s, the Kuomintang focused on transforming itself from a p arty of a single-party system to one of many in a multi-party democracy, and f or "Taiwanizing" itself. With the end of martial law in 1991, the Kuomintang f ound itself competing against the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwanese el ections. The leader of the Kuomintang during the 1990s was Lee Teng-Hui, who a ngered the People's Republic of China and a significant number of voters on Ta iwan with his advocacy of "state-to-state" relations with the PRC, which many associated with Taiwan independence. In order to maintain influence, the Kuomi ntang was involved in vote buying and black gold, which decreased its support among the Taiwanese middle class. As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks , investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations . Its wealth in the year 2000 was at an estimated US $6.5 billion, making it t he richest political party in the world. Although this war chest appeared to h elp the KMT throughout until the mid-1990's, it lead to accusation of black go ld corruption, and after 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be far more of a liability than an asset. After 2000, the KMT divested itself of muc h of its assets, although there were accusations in the 2004 presidential elec tion that the KMT retained assets that were illegal acquired. The Kuomintang faced a split in 1994 which led to the formation of the New Par ty. This party was effectively destroyed in the legislative elections of 2001. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the 2000 Presi dential election. Upset at the official nomination of Lien Chan as the party's Presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General James Soong launched an independent bid for which he and his supporters were expelled (and later forme d the People's First Party. The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections, leading Lee to resign as Chairman. In order to prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's policies of separatism and be came more favorable toward Chinese reunification. This shift led to Lee's expu lsion from the party and the formation of the Taiwan Solidarity Union. With the party's voters defecting to both the PFP and TSU, the KMT did poorly in the December 2001 legislative elections and lost its position as the larges t party in the Legislative Yuan. More recently, the party did well in the 2002 mayoral and council election with Ma Ying-jeou, its candidate for Taipei mayo r, winning by a landslide and its candidate for Kaohsuing mayor narrowing losi ng but doing surprisingly well. Since 2002, the KMT and PFP have coordinated e lectoral strategies. In the ROC presidential election, 2004, the KMT will run a combined ticket with the PFP, with Lien running for president and Soong runn ing for vice-president. There has been a recent warming of relations between the pan-blue coalition an d the Communist Party of China, with prominent members of both the KMT and PFP in active discussions with officials on the Mainland. In Feburary 2004, it ap peared that KMT had opened a campaign office for the Lien-Soong ticket in Shan ghai targeting Taiwanese businessmen. However, after an adverse reaction in Ta iwan, the KMT quickly declared that the office was opened without official kno wledge or authorization. In addition, the PRC issued a statement forbidding op en campaigning in the Mainland and formally stated that it had no preference a s to which candidate won and cared only about the positions of the winning can didate. In December 2003, however, the KMT chairman and presidential candidate, Lien C han, initiated what appeared to some to be a major shift in the party's positi on on the linked questions of Chinese reunification and Taiwnese independence. Speaking to foreign journalists, Lien said that while the KMT was opposed to "immediate independence," it did not wish to classed as "pro-reunificationist" either. At the same time President of the Legislative Yuan Wang Jin-pyng, the Pan-Blue Coalition's campaign manager in the 2004 presidential election, said that the party no longer opposed Taiwan's "eventual independence." This statement was later clarified as meaning that the KMT opposes any immediate decision on unif ication and independence and would like to have this issue resolved by future generations. On domestic policy, the party is conservative and is a member of the Internati onal Democrat Union. -- 『政治人物都是追求自己的利益的， 能在追求自己利益的同時爭取國家利益，已是第一流的政治家』 陳茂雄（http://home.kimo.com.tw/snews1.tw/CHEN/Chen_newpage/chen.htm） --

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