作者tucson (tucson)
看板TOEIC
標題Re: [討論] 分詞構句上的問題
時間Thu Sep 17 17:50:43 2009
謝謝指教
※ 引述《EngLearner (英語客)》之銘言：
: ※ 引述《tucson (tucson)》之銘言：
: : Sentences & Complex structures by Marcella Frank
: : ISBN: 986-77+0-92-8
: : P. 89
: : 其中有提到”分詞片語”也可能同時包含after和because的雙重義務
: : Having eaten too much, he became sleepy.
: : 因此此時可加以保留連接詞以免產生意義上的誤解. 但是使用because連接詞時一般正式
: 用法使應該使用子句方式, 少數非正式用法可能有分詞出現.
: 表原因的 because 和 as 要不要省略，直接看你所舉的那本書就有答案了。
: 你打錯字了，書上是寫 "雙重意義"。
: 所謂「分詞片語可能同時包含after 和 because 的雙重意義」指的是這句話可以雙重
: 解讀:
: After he had eaten too much, he became sleep.
: Because he had eaten too much, he became sleep.
: 而不是等於你所說的可以保留 "because"。
: 分詞的多重解讀是可能發生的。[1] 所以我們更應警慎區分哪些連接詞可保
: 留。
: 你可以翻到這本書的 90 頁，更可以清楚判斷。
: 在這頁練習，作者寫了:
: B. 將下列表示時間與原因的副詞子句改為分詞片語，注意哪一種分詞可以加上時間字詞。
: Example:
: a. Because they were impressed by the young man's qoalification, they offered
: him a good job with their firm.
: Impressed by the young man's qoalification, they offered him a good
: job with their firm.
: b. While he was walking in the park, he suddenly had a heart attack.
: Walking in the park, he suddenly had a heart attack.
: (also While walking in the park …)
: 這個練習是要你(妳)注意哪一種分詞可以加上時間字詞。作者b例句把while保留的方式列
: 出，卻沒有保留 a句的 "because"，這已經很明顯了。
: 有些書列出可以保留的連接詞 [2] [6]。有些更直接說明
: because是不存在於這種句構中 [3] [4] [5]。
: [1]
: Some participial phrases have characteristics of both adverbials and
: adjectivals:
: Standing near a huge puddle, Jan got thoroughly splashed.
: Here the opening verb phrase could be extended into either an adjectival who clause (Jan, who was standing near a huge puddle, got thoroughly splashed) or an adverbial while clause (While she was standing near a huge puddle, Jan got thoroughly splashed). The sentence would be correctly analyzed either way.
: (Martha Kolln ,Understanding English Grammar, 8th ed., pp. 154)
: [2]
: -ing clauses can be used after many conjunctions and prepositions. They are
: common with after, before, since, when, while, on, without, instead of
: and as. Note that -ing forms after prepositions can often be considered as
: either participles or gerunds-the dividing line is not clear.
: .
: .
: .
: She struck me as being very nervy kind of person.
: (Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, 3rd ed., pp.384)
: 這裡的 "as"很明顯是講介系詞，不是你說的表原因。
: [3]
: We can also reduce adverbial clauses construction containing because, since,
: and as to -ing phrases. Again, the subject in the main clause must be the
: same as the subject in the adverbial clause.
: .
: .
: .
: These reduced clauses do not include the adverbial. That is, it is
: not possible to say "Because taking the bus, we saved a lot of money."
: (Jan Frodsen and Janet Eyring, Grammar Dimensions, 4th ed., pp.304)
: [4]
: We can also form reduced adverbial clauses by using subordinating conjunctions
: such as before and as if with a present participle.
: Before you leave, switch off all the lights.
: Before leaving, switch off all the lights.
: He stood there, as if he was waiting for someone.
: He stood there, as if waiting for someone.
: Note that because is not used in this way.
: (Not He stood there, because waiting for someone.)
: (George Yule, Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced, pp.205)
: [5]
: (f) Because she needed some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check.
: (g) Needing some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check.
: (h) Because he lacked the necessary qualifications, he was not considered
: for the job.
: (i) Lacking the necessary qualifications, he was not considered for the
: job.
: Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of
: "because" (f) and (g) have the same meaning.Because is not included in
: a modifying phrase. It is ommitted, but the resulting phrase expresses a
: cause and effect relationship, as in (g) and (i).
: ( Betty Schrampfer Azar,Understanding and Using English Grammar , 3rd ed., pp. 376)
: [6]
: Not all conjunctions and prepositions are able to function as introducers of
: non-finite dependent clauses. Those that can do so form a subset of the total
: class of each.
: Subset of conjunctions
: when Take extra time when driving at night.
: while (time) While talking, he jotted everything down on a pad.
: while (concession) While agreeing basically with your proposal,
: we would nevertheless suggest certain
: amendments.
: though Though feeling unwell, she made an effort to
: appear cheerful.
: if If travelling abroad, watch out for pickpockets.
: (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed., pp.296)
: 如果文法書不是唯一真理，你說的話更不是唯一真理。身為英語學習者，不能只
: 憑自己錯誤的解讀就妄下斷論，要多去參考比較，不然各說各話， 「見仁見智」的結果
: ，只會造成亂用。英文既是國際語言，除了本身母語人士使用 (美國、英國、澳洲、
: 紐西蘭、南非、愛爾蘭、加拿大)，還有其他非母語人士使用，也因此產生ㄧ些差異。
: 要平衡差異，非文法很難做到。而ㄧ般人認為的狹義文法就是一堆規則，其實不然。
: 廣義的文法絕不侷限於死的規則，它包含文化、意識形態、心理層面、說話藝術等。
: 廣義文法會隨時空而改變，但也有一定的準則，等到相當人數的母語人士開始改變使用
: 習慣後，也在重要的報章雜誌出現後，才會逐漸受到廣泛接受。所以不要再邊緣化文法
: ，它不是憑你ㄧ個人的力量可以撼動的。
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