※ [本文轉錄自 FCBarcelona 看板] 作者: Catalan (原來那小白當兵了) 看板: FCBarcelona 標題: [論文]加泰隆尼亞概述 - 歷史 時間: Tue Nov 16 04:06:25 2004 原文摘自 Cramer, Mark. "Barcelona At Your Door", Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, Portland, 2001 The story of Catalunya's resentment against Madrid goes back centryes. Like Spanish, catalan is a romance language, reflecting the fact that the Romans were the first recorded settlers in the region, dating back to 218 BC. Tarragona was Rome's main outpost in the region, but today's Gothic Quater of Barcelona was built upon the Roman Settlement of Barcino. In the fourth century, Franc invaders broke through the Roman ramparts of Barcino, to be followed by the Romanized Visigoths in 415. In 711, it was the Muslims' turn. fighting their way up from Gibraltar, the Moors had little trouble defeating the Visigoths, who had been self-destruction by warring amongst themselves. The Moors would remain in much of Spain until 1492, but in 805, King Louis le Pieux, son of Charlemagne, established a Carolingian administration that included Catalunya. Neither Castillian nor Catalan was yet an established language at the time. The term "Catalan" as a language was first mentioned in documents as of the tenth century, when what is today known as the Catalan language resembled the "langue d'oc" spoken on the french side of the Pyrenees. Political power in the Catalan region, on both sides of the Pyrenees, was in the hands of a clan of counts, led by Guifre el Pelos, who entered Barecelona in 878 and established religious organizations throughout Catalunya. Guifre was responsible for consolidating the first Catalan power structure. In the tenth century, the House of Barcelona was one of the only isolated Christian states within the Moorish Iberian Peninsula. The Moors under Al'Mansur returned in 985. The catalan counts asked for French help to repel the Moors but the Carloingians never came to the rescue. Only a medieval specialist can sort out the complex alliances of the time between Muslim and christian kings during the Catholic "Reconquest" of the peninsula. The Catalan count Ramon Berenguer, with Morrish financial support, was able to extend the christian catalan empire into southern France. While under Ramon Berenguer III, for the half century at the end of the 1000s and the beginning of the 1100s, Catalunya became a maritime power. This Christianization of Catalunya occurred long before the Catholic kings established total control of what would become Spain in 1492. From the 1100s through the beginning of the 1200s, Catalunya's Royalty came under the incluence of the neighboring Aragon. Catalunya eventually lost its territory on the French side of the Pyrenees but expanded eastward to the Islas Baleares and as far as Sardinia and Naples. Barcelona now dominated commerce with Africa and the middle East, and Catalan-Aragon imperialism was responsible for bloody wars throughout the Mediterranean. Within the 1200s, still before the advent of a Spanish nation, Catalunya had already established its own legal foundations as a state. In 1274, the Consell dels Cents Jurats became an electoral body that appointed municipal leaders, and in 1283, les Corts catalanes met for the first time as a type of power base for the local merchant class against an emerging royal elite that would eventually coalesce around Catalan state, politically and socially they were considered a notch below in class by the local royalty, the Counts. The permanent government of the corts catalanes was referred to as La Generalitat, a name and an institution that has periodically evolved, been disbanded, but ultimately survived to the present day. La Generalitat is the name of today's Catalunya government. Barcelona's economic independence persisted with the help of a community of converted Jews. At this point in history, Spain began to put the squeeze on catalunya. The Inquisition decimated this "New Christian" sector of Barcelona's Jewish population, the Catholic kings prohibited direct trade between Catalunya and the Spanish colonies, and the Crown stiffened Catalunya's tax oblligations. catalunya was relegated to the status of any one of Spain's overseas possessions. Castillian oppression sparked a response. In the seventeenth century, the Catalans rebelled, declared their independence, and looked to France for protection. The typical royal family intrigues eventually left Catalunya unprotected, with centralist King Felipe V threatening to one and for all eliminate the Republic of Catalunya. Between 1713 and 1714, Barcelona resisted the incursions of the Spanish Crown, finally falling on September 11, 1714. 待續 -- ██████████████████ --

※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 59.120.0.151 --

※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 220.130.12.144