第一面的第二段 In the "Islam" which emerged over the course of these centuries are to be found various patterens of religious authority...............which distinguish it from what came before, which laid the foundation for the Islamic society that followed, and which shaped the Islamic identities of these Muslims who suddenly found themselves faced with the changed circumstances of the modern period. 翻譯是降嗎? 這個時期所形成的「伊斯蘭」在宗教權威、同盟和關係上都和之前的起源、之後出現的 伊斯蘭社會基礎、以及那些發現自己突然面臨現代環境的穆斯林們所塑造伊斯蘭的認同 劃清了界線。 還有，同一段的前面 peculiar characteristics of the Islamic society(第一句) 可以翻成 在11世紀前期和15世紀末期時伊斯蘭社會和宗教團體的確有比較獨特的特色 形成。 -- --

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