美國國會的委員會可分為哪幾類? 國會設置委員會有那些目的?為了解釋委員會的組織, 學者提出了哪些假說(Hypotheses)與模型(Models)? 一. A. Standing Committees, a permanent entity created by public law or House or Senate rules. Standing Committees process the bulk of Congress daily and annual agenda of business. B. Select, or Special, Committees, usually temporary panels that go out of the business after the two-year life of the Congress in which they were created and some of them take on the attributes of permanent committees. (They are created for several reasons: First, they accommodate the concerns of individual members. Second, special panels can be a point of access for interest groups, such as the eldly and owners of small businesses. Third, select committees supplement the standing committee system by overseeing and investigating issues that the permanent panels lack time for or prefer to ignore. Finally, select committees can be set up to coordinate consideration of issues that overlap the jurisdictions of several standing committees.) C. Joint Committees, which include members from both chambers, have been used for study, investigation, oversight, and routine activities. D. Conference Committees, reconciling differences between similar measures passed by both chambers, can roughly be classified in four ways: traditional, offer-counteroffer, subconference, and pro forma. 二. Committees serve two broad purposes: individual and institutional. Individually, lawmakers look for ways from their committee perches to benefi t their constituents. And Committees also enable legislators to utilize or develop expertise in areas that interest them. Institutionally, committees are the centers of policy making, oversight of federal agencies, and public education. And they also serve another important function in the political system. They act as safety valves, or outlets for national debates and controversies; moreover, the safety-valve function gives them citizenry a greater sense of participation in national decision making and helps educate members about public problems. 三. To explain the organization of legislatures, scholars have advanced three hypotheses. A. The distribution hypothesis, suggesting that legislatures create committees to give lawmakers policy influence in areas critical to their reelection. B. The informational hypothesis, proposing that legislative bodies establish committees to provide lawmakers with the specialized expertise required to make informed judgments in a complex world. C. The party hypothesis views committee members as agents of their party caucuses. According to this perspective, committee members are expected to support their party's programs. --

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