課程名稱︰細胞生物學 課程性質︰選修 課程教師︰沈湯龍 開課學院：生農院 開課系所︰植微系 考試日期（年月日）︰2018/05/03 考試時限（分鐘）：120分鐘 試題 : 01. Why is RNA thought to have arisen on Earth prior to proteins and DNA?(8pts) 02. Please list the functional roles of 4 major macromolecules in building a cell. (8pts) 03. According to the "central dogma" of molecular biology, information flows from DNA to RNA to proein. In its original version the dogma stated that information did not flow in the reverse direction. To what extent is this true? (6pts) (hint: Reverse transcriptase) 04. In the perspective of chemistry, please describe why the hydrolysis of ATP enables driving biochemical reactions. (6pts) 05. What is the Warburg effect? (4pts) 06. What is the advantage to use two/multi-photos microscopy compared to classical confocal microscopy? (6pts) 07. Discuss the expected phenotypic consequences of a mutation in Ran GAP that reduces the affinity of the Ran GAP for cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore. (8pts) 08. A frequent mode of regulation for transcription factors is regulation of nuclear localization, such that only upon stimulation is the transcripion factor transported into the nucleus where it can activate its target genes. For a transcription factor that has a nuclear localization signal(NLS), can you think of two mechanisms for how regulated transport could occur? (6pts) 09. You are studying a mutant that you know is impaired in secretion, but you do not know the exact nature of the defect. You examine the sugar content of some of the proteins you know to be N--glycosylated and notice that although they normally contain fructose, galactose, and sialic acid residues, these are absent in proteins purified from the mutant, which instead carries only N--acetylglucosamine and mannose residues. Where do you think the defect in secretion lies? (8pts) 10. In the Golgi apparatus, the enzymes that modify N--linked oligosaccharides are arranged in an assembly line manner,(i.e.,in sequential Golgi apparatus subcompartments). In the ER, these enzymes are all present in the same continuous membrane--limited compartment. Propose a reason for this difference. (5pts) 11. Cargo proteins are transported through the Golgi apparatus to the trans Golgi network(TGN) where they are sorted into various vesicles that target to different destinations. What is the role of vescicles in cargo protein transport through the Golgi apparatus? (6pts) 12. Please explain the distribution and the role of three characterized families of vesicle coat proteins. (6pts) 13. In combination of SNARE and different Rab confers to vesicle targeting and release. Please describe the role of Rab proteins and how the Rabs help SNARE in vesicle targeting. (8pts) 14. Explain the role of endosymbiosis in the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. (8pts) 15. What are the roles of coenzymes Q and cytochome c in the electron transport chain? (4pts) --

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