課程名稱︰生態學 課程性質︰必修 課程教師︰高文媛/李培芬/周蓮香 開課學院：生命科學院 開課系所︰生命科學系 考試日期（年月日）︰104/04/08 考試時限（分鐘）：60 試題 : I. Multiple Choices (3 points*10) 1. When an organism becomes accilimated to a new environmental situation, it will generally involve A. physiological changes. B. genetic changes. C. sociological changes. D. both physiological changes and genetic changes. E. both genetic changes and sociologicak changes. 2. The evaporative water loss by an organism is high when the A. vapor pressure deficit is low. B. relative humiduty is high. C. water concentration gradient from the organism to the air is reduced. D. actual water vapor density is very low relative to the saturation water vapor density. E. All of the choices are correct. 3. In a terrestrial plant, water movement is as follows: A. from less negative water potential to a more negative water potential. B. from more negative water potential to a less negative water potential. C. from less positive water potential to a more positive water potential. D. from zero water potential to a more negative water potential. E. from zero water potential to a more positive water potential. 4. The groups of organisms that contains the most trophic diversity: A. Plantae B. Animalia C. Prokaryotes D. Fungi E. Protista 5. The photosynthetic light response curve is most similar to A. type 1 functional response curve. B. type 2 functional response curve. C. type 3 functional response curve. D. None of the choices are correct. 6. The __________ defines the physical conditions under which a species might live, in the absence of interaction with other species. A. functional niche B. realized niche C. principle niche D. fundamental niche E. primary niche 7. In order to determone whether a species is common or rare, ecologists use all of the following criteria EXCEPT: A. habitat tolerance. B. evolutionary exsistence. C. geographical range. D. local population size. E. None of the choices are correct. 8. An annual plant when initially colonizing an area will probably demonstrate A. annual growth rate. B. geometric population growth. C. exponential growth rate. D. logistic growth. E. None of the choices are correct, 9. 'N/K' for a population can represent A. environmental resistance. B. logistic component. C. population size decrease. D. both environmental resistance and logistic component. E. both logistic component and population size decrease. 10. __________ show more variation in life gitory trails than any other group. A. All of the choices show equal amounts of variation in life history. B. Mammals. C. Birds. D. Reptiles. E. Fish. II. Short Essay (70 points) 1. What is Ecology? Name the main levels of organization studied in Ecology. (10 points) 2. What are the heat exchange pathways determine body temperature? (10 points) 3. Suppose you are studying a community of small mammals that live on the boundary between a forest (dominated by C3 plants) and a grassland (dominated by C4 grass). One of your concerns is to discover the relative contributions of the grassland and the forest to the nutrition of small mammals living between the two ecosystems. How can you use the stable isotope analysis to answer the question? (10 points) 4. Draw a figure then answer the following question. Please make sure that everything in the figures is properly labeled, including the x- and y- axes. (1) 3 types of survivorship curve. Humans would best be represented by which of the curve? (8 points) (2) Climate diagram. According to a region's climate siagram, how can we distinguish dry vs. wet season of the region? (8 points) 5. If you were a manager od an exploited population, such as a commercially important fish, what size of fish population would you want to keep in order to gain the best annual yield? Why? (8 points) 6. What is a metapopulation? What message do ecologists learn from studies of metapopulations? (10 points) 7. In Grime's classification of plant life history, what are the factors that led to the development of distinctive strategies or life history among plants? (6 points) --

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