課程名稱︰物件導向程式設計 課程性質︰選修 課程教師︰林軒田 開課學院：電資學院 開課系所︰資工系 考試日期（年月日）︰2013.4.15 考試時限（分鐘）：120分鐘 是否需發放獎勵金：是 （如未明確表示，則不予發放） 試題： This is a open-book exam. You can use any printed materials as your reference during the exam. Any electronic devices are not allowed. Any form of cheating, lying or plagiarism will not be tolerated. Students can get zero scores and/or get negative scores and/or fail the class and/or be kicked out of school and/or receive other punishments for those kinds of misconducts. Both English and Chinese (if suited) are allowed for answering the questions. We do not accept any other languages. There are 6 problems in the exam, each worth 35 points─the full credit is 210 points. Some problems would be divided to two or three sub-problems. There is another bonus problem with 10 points. The midterm would be weighted as 2-3 homework sets, but the exact weight would depend on your performance today. Good luck! 1. Java and C (1) (20%+15%) Describe to someone who knows C about two differences between C and Java. The difference can be a big one or a small one, and it is the correctness and clarity of your description that the TAs will grade on. There is no need to be overly long in your description─an ideal answer would be concise. Also, we want the differences to be "different" between the two by themselves. The first difference you list would be worth 20 points, the second would be worth 15 points. A sample answer would look like (and no, you cannot use these two): [0] Java uses a "Garbage Collector" to manage memory automatically, while C assumes that the progrpmmers have the power and the responsibility to allocate/de-allocate memory slots on their own. [1] C allows flexible "goto" statements, while Java does not. 2. Constructors 1 class A{ } 2 class B extends A { 3 int u; C other; 4 B(int u){ this.u = u; other = new C(u); } 5 B(){ this(20); } 6 } 7 class C extends A { 8 int v; 9 C(int v){ this.v = v; } 10 } 11 class D extends B { 12 double x; 13 D(int u, double x){ super(u); this.x = x; } 14 } (1) (15%) Line 1 of the code below would compile normally while line 2 results in HAHAHA (compile error). Why? 1 A ref = new A(); 2 A ref = new C(); (2) (20%) List the order of constructors that are called after executing new D (1, 2.0). You need to list all the constructors, including the constructor of java.lang.Object and the constructor(s) automatically added by javac. 3. Mutable versus Immutable We know that java.lang.String is an immutable class, which makes it "safer" to use the instances of the class. The following class Color, however, is mutable. (1) (20%) Rewrite Color such that it is immutable. Your re-written Color must be fully compatible with the original one in its methods. You can just explain the "differences" of your new class to the TAs instead of listing every line (unless you really want to). (2) (15%) Can your re-written Color still be immutable if some other programmers write a ColorChild that extends your Color class? That is, can someone use a Color-type reference with a ColorChild type instance to change some contents of the Color part? If so, how could you prevent such from happening? If not, why is your Color class safe from such? 1 public class Color { 2 public int red; 3 public int green; 4 public int blue; 5 6 public Color(int _red, int _green, int _blue){ 7 red = _red; green = _green; blue = _blue; 8 } 9 10 public int getColor() { return ((red << 16) | (green << 8) | blue); } 11 public Color invert () { 12 red = 255 - red; 13 green = 255 - green; 14 blue = 255 - blue; 15 return this; 16 } 17 } 4. Lucky-tons (1) (35%) Consider writing a class License that only allows at most 1126 licenses to be used at the same time. Each licenses needs to be created when needed for the first time, but can be re-used (after being released) afterwards. Please complete the following code that does the job. 1 public class License{ 2 private static License [] pool = new License [1126]; 3 private static boolean [] used = new boolean [1126]; 4 5 /* (1) (10%) You need a constructor to allocate your instances, 6 but at the same time preventing external code from directly 7 using it. */ 8 9 /* if there is an unused license, return that; 10 if not, return null */ 11 public static License getLicense(){ 12 /* (2) (15%) You need code here */ 13 } 14 15 /* if there is a matching license being used, release it; 16 if not, do nothing */ 17 public static void releaseLicense (License toRelease){ 18 /* (3) (10%) You need code here */ 19 } 20 } 5. Encapsulation (1) (20%) Assume that the class ntu.csie.YoungProfessor extends class ntu.Professor, and the class ntu.csie.SeniorProfessor extends ntu.Professor as well. Which of the following can be invoked within an instance method of ntu.csie.YoungProfessor? (a) a call to a public method of ntu.Professor (b) a call to a protected method of ntu.Professor (c) a call to a default method of ntu.Professor (d) a call to a private method of ntu.Professor (e) a call to a public method of ntu.csie.SeniorProfessor (f) a call to a protected method of ntu.csie.SeniorProfessor (g) a call to a default method of ntu.csie.SeniorProfessor (h) a call to a private method of ntu.csie.SeniorProfessor (i) a call to a protected method of ntu.Student (j) a call to a default method of ntu.Student (2) (10%) The "finalizer" we discussed in class was actually declared in java.lang.Object with the protected access modifier, and can be overridden with the finalizing steps of different classes. Which of the following classes (for simplicity, please just consider regular classes, not the array types) can call java.lang.Object.finalize()? (a) classes that are descendants of java.lang.Object (b) classes that are of package java.lang (3) (5%) If your answer above include "classes that are descendants of java.lang.Object", then you agree that every class in Java shall be able to call the finalizer. Then, guess why the finalizer shouldn't just come with the public access modifier (what's the difference between using public and protected here?). If your answer above does not include "classes that are descendants of java.lang.Object", then describe what classes cannot call java.lang.Object.finalize() in their methods. 6. References and Instances I know that you guys studied hard for Java night. What did you drink? Java coffee, of course! Let's play with Java coffee a bit. 1 class Drink{ 2 public double amount; 3 } 4 class Java extends Drink{ 5 public double caffeine; 6 public Java(double a, double c){ 7 amount = a; 8 caffeine = c; 9 } 10 public Java{ this(1.0, 2.0); } 11 } 12 class Milk extends Drink{ } 13 class FatlessMilk extends Milk{ public double fat; } 14 class BlendedJava extends Java{ 15 public Milk milk; 16 public double ratio; 17 } 18 19 public class JavaDemo{ 20 public static void main(String[] argv){ 21 Milk m1 = new Milk(); 22 Milk m2 = new Milk(); 23 Java j1 = new Java(3.0, 2.0); 24 BlendedJava b1 = new BlendedJava(); 25 BlendedJava b2 = new BlendedJava(); 26 b1.milk = m1; 27 j1 = b1; 28 b1.milk = new FatlessMilk(); 29 Milk[] marr = new Milk[3]; 30 marr[0] = bl.milk; 31 marr[l] = m2; 32 } 33 } (1) (10%) Assume that you want a line of 1 System.out.println(j1); around the end of JavaDemo.main(String []) to print out a line of "Java coffee of caffeine ratio 2/3". How would you do that? (2) (25%) Illustrate the memory layout of JVM at the end of JavaDemo.main(String[]). You need to show all the instances and self-defined local variables that are "alive" from the stack frame of JavaDemo.main(String[]), their connections (references) and states (primitive-variable values). 7. java.lang.Object (1) (Bonus 10%) In class, we discussed about why java.lang.Object shouldn't contain abstract methods─if so, there is a huge burden on programmers when designing their own classes. On the other hand, the remaining question is why java.lang.Object shouldn't be an abstract class. Is there really a need of constructing an instance of java.lang.Object? Please reason why the designers of Java may have chosen to keep java.lang.Object concrete. --

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