課程名稱︰土壤化學 課程性質︰必修 課程教師︰李達源 開課學院：生物資源暨農學院 開課系所︰農業化學系 考試日期（年月日）︰100/01/12 考試時限（分鐘）：110 是否需發放獎勵金：是 試題 : 1. Distinguish between specific and nonspecific reactions of anions in soils. Give examples of anions that tend to be specifically and nonspecifically reactive in soils. (10%) 2. Based on the following solubility diagram, describe the sequence of events if a soil of pH 7.5 were fertilized to a pH2PO4 level of 2. (10%) ａ 0┌ \ ╲↙ │ \ ╲ 1├ \ \╲ │ \ \ ╲ 紅色： fluoroapatite 2├ \ \ ╲ │ ↗\ \ ╲ ╱ 白色： hydroxyapatite 3├ ｂ \ \ \╲ ╱╱ │ \ \ \ ╲╱╱ 綠色： dicalcium phosphate 4├ \ \ \╱╳ dihydrate pH2PO4 │ \ \ ╱\ ╲ 5├ \ \╱ \ ╲ 紫色： octocalcium phosphate │ ╱╱\ \ 6├ ╱ \ \ \ 黃色： variscite │ ｃ ╱╱ \ \ \ 7├ ↘╱╱ \ \ \ 藍色： stengite │ ╱╱ \ \ \ 8├ ╱╱↖ \ \ \ │ ╱╱ ｄ \ \ \ 9│ ╱ \ \ │ \ \ 10└─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┘ ２　３　４　５　６　７　８　９　pH ψwhaleswin16 3. Give the data below, determine if the adsorption of 2,4,5-T conforms to the Langmuir [q=(KCb)/(1+KC)] or the Freundlich (q=KC^n) equations and determine the appropriate adsorption parameters (K,n,b). You may need to restrict your attention to a limited concentration range. (10%) ────────────────────────────────── Initial Solution Final Solution Volume of Weight of Concentration Concentration Solution Soil (mg/L) (mg/L) (mL) (g) ────────────────────────────────── ５　　　　　　　　　３　　　　　　　　10 ５　 　　　　10 ６　　　　　　　　10 ５ 　　　　　25 15　　　　　　　　10 ５ 50 30　　　　　　　　10 ５ 100 70　　　　　　　　10 ５ ────────────────────────────────── ψwhaleswin16 4. Please define and explain the meaning of the Koc of nonionic organic chemicals. Describe how it affects the extent of sorption of nonionic organic chemicals by soil solids. (10%) 5. The following figure is the titration curve of a mixture of HCl and AlCl3 titrated by NaOH. Illustrate the feature of the titration curve and explain why it is similar to that of an acid soil titrated by NaOH. (10%) 500 ┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐ │ ╭ │ Ｒ │ H:Al=1:3 / │ Ｅ │ / │ Ｓ 400 ├ / ┤8.0 Ｉ │ │ │ Ｓ │ │ │ Ｔ │ resistance↓ ∣ │ Ａ 300 ├ ——————————————┼—╲ ┤6.0 Ｎ　 │ / ∣ ╲ │ pH Ｃ │ / ∣ ╲ │ Ｅ │ / potentiometric↓ / ╲ │ ︵ 200 ├ / ╭—————————————╯ ╲┤4.0 ohms │/ ／ │ ︶ │ ／ │ │／ │ 100 └────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘2.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 mmol NaOH ψwhaleswin16 6. Please define and describe how to measure EC, SAR, and RSC of irrigation water. Explain why they are important indicators of quality of irrigation water. (10%) 7. What are saline-sodic soils and the disadvantages of those soils for plant growth? Describe the measurements and criteria needed for classifying a soil into saline-sodic soils? How to reclaim saline-sodic soils? (10%) 8. Describe the principle and device for measuring the Eh (redox potential) of soils. Based on the following diagram, describe the sequence of possible chemical reactions when a soil with pH=7 becomes gradually anaerobic. (10%) 1.25┌──────────────┐ Ｒ │---- │ Ｅ │ ---- │ Ｄ 1.00├------------ ┤ (每一種顏色各代表一條直線) Ｏ │ -- ---------- │ Ｘ │ -- ------------│ 綠色： NO3-←→N2 0.75├ -- ---- ┤ Ｐ │---------- ----│ 紅色： MnO2←→Mn2+ Ｏ │ ---------- │ Ｔ 0.50├ -- --------┤ 白色： FeOOH←→Fe2+ Ｅ │ -- │ Ｎ │ -- │ 藍色： NO3-←→NO2- Ｔ 0.25├ -- ┤ Ｉ │------ -- │ 紫色： SO4 2-←→H2S Ａ │ ------ -- │ Ｌ 0.00├------- ------ -- ┤ 黃色： CO2←→CH4 ︵ │ ------- ------ --│ Eh │ ------ ----│ ︶ -0.25├ -------┤ (volts) │ │ │ │ -0.50└────┴────┴────┘ ２　　　 ４　　　　６　　　　８ pH ψwhaleswin16 9. What are the forms of the micronutrients in soil solution? How does their availability change with pH? (10%) 10. Describe how phosphate, arsenate, and chromate in soils could be affected when upland soils are transformed into waterlogged soils. (10%) References: whaleswin16, 97上 李達源 土壤化學 期末考, 2010, NTU-Exam whaleswin16, 98上 李達源 土壤化學 期末考, 2010, NTU-Exam --

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