課程名稱︰西洋史學英文論著 課程性質︰選修(外國史領域,第二外語,史學名著) 課程教師︰古偉瀛老師 開課學院：文 開課系所︰歷史 考試日期（年月日）︰2009.06.16 考試時限（分鐘）：100 是否需發放獎勵金：是 （如未明確表示，則不予發放） 試題 : 翻譯 1. It has been suggested,however,that for all its fury against the Enligtenment,postmodernism,like Marxism or liberalism,is nevertheless its descendant in that it makes emancipatory claims.Postmodernist writers overwhelmingly claim to be on the left,either explicity or by implication of what they say they want to do ---because they constantly denounce oppressive relationships even while,like Foucault,arguing that little can be done about them;and accuse the Enlightenment of instituting a social agenda certain to result in the multiplication of oppression.When,as has happened on occasion traditions are defended against outside interference,this too is presented as liberatory on the basis that specific communal practices which give identity and meaning to a culture are being upheld against oppressive universalist, colonialist(sometimes masculinist) agendas and the victims(usually women) voluntarily embrace what they undergo ---genital mutilation,stoning to death or burning alive.As emphasised at the beginning of this volume,however ,it would certainly be a mistake to present postmodernism as an undifferentiated whole; in reality it contains many diverse positions,and the outline above is no more than a summary of certain major attributes which have impacted on the postmodern style. (40%) 2. Turning to his work on "statements and texts",then,Ankersmit argues that we can say about a historical text two things.First that such texts consist of many individual statements,most of which seemingly give an accurate or "true" description of some state of affairs that existed in the past.These "evidential" statements are "found" in the "historical" archive and have about them ---when corroborated--- the aura of facticity.This leads to Ankersmit's second point,which is that with the possible exceptions of some areas of the past with almost non-existent traces,the evidential traces and thus the evidential "true" statements available to most historians allow them to write many more true statements about the historical past than are actually found in their texts.It is sometimes argued --- it is a typical seminar topic ---that there are no such things as historical facts as such,and this seems true in the sense that,as we have seen,"facts" have to be given that status by much interpreting investigation or designation.But that investigation done,the result is not that there are then no facts but that there are millions of them. Consequently,the situation facing the historian is not one of non-existence or scarcity but of a abundance. (30%) 3. What constitutes(makes up)the human subject at any given moment in space and time is therefore not the expression of some inner core or human "essence", but rather the result of that dynamic process termed iterability(the process of repetition and difference;of the repetition of the never quite the same) which ensures that nobody is ever complete or stable or fixed "ince and for all". Here dominant forms of enculturating power are exposed in their failure ever to completely "stitch up" the "social individual".And it is this "failed" and thus always tense and stress-ful cindition,this endless play of unstable becoming at the levels of the personal-political,that gives a radical, disobedient and thus couter-hegemotic (couter-dominant) politics a chance. (30%) -- ▁▁ ▕科小▏ ▕科狗▏ ￣￣ --

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