課程名稱︰英語語音學(含發音練習)一 課程性質︰外文系選修 課程教師︰史嘉琳 考試日期（年月日）︰2008/01/16 考試時限（分鐘）：120 是否需發放獎勵金：是 （如未明確表示，則不予發放） 試題 : 1. Describe the advantages and costs of using a transcription system represented by each of the following pairs of symbols: (9%) a. [i:], [I] b. [i], [I] c. [i:], [I] 2. How does the diphthong [ju] differ from all other English diphthongs? (6%) 3. What is the most important phonological difference between tense and lax vowels in English words? (8%) 4. a. What is a citation form? b. What is the problem of teaching/learning only citation form in the classroom? (8%) 5. Give two sets of examples (three examples in each set) of related words illustrating a vowel (a) in a stressed syllable; (b) in an unstressed syllable; and (c) in a reduced syllable. Underline the vowel being illustrated, and give the IPA symbol(s) in brackets for each vowel illustrated (→six IPA notions). (12%) 6. Explain Ladefoged's view on degrees of lexical stress in English, mentioning two factors that Ladefoged says contribute to the perceived prominence of a vowel or syllable that are not due to lexical stress. (8%) 7. What is the difference between a "nasal" sound and a "nasalized" sound? (4%) 8. Name three syllable-level conditions which influence the length of a vowel in English. (15%) 9. Describe "stress timing" (as found in English) as opposed to "syllable timing" (as in French)? (10%) 10.What is a tonic syllable? (8%) 11.What is an "intonational phrase"? (6%) 12.What is "downdrift"? (6%) --

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