※ [本文轉錄自 NCCU_Exam 看板] 作者: deancomtw (kekeke) 看板: NCCU_Exam 標題: [試題] 981 羅麗君老師 西洋哲學史(三) 期末考 時間: Thu Jan 14 21:06:04 2010 課程名稱： 西洋哲學史(三) 理性論與經驗論 課程性質： 必修 課程範圍： Locke, Berkeley and Hume 開課教師： 羅麗君 開課學院： 文學院 開課系級： 哲學三 考試日期(年月日)： 2010/1/14 考試時限(Mins)： 3 hours 試題本文： 1. 請用簡單的一兩句話定義經驗主義三大哲學家洛克(Locke)、柏克萊(berkeley)以及 休謨(Hume)的「經驗論原則」。（15%） 2.請先閱讀下段文字，再回答以下兩個問題： The qualities then that are in bodies rightly considered, are of three sorts. First, The bulk, figure, number, situation, and motion or rest of their solid parts. Those are in them whether we perceive them or not; and when they are of that size that we can discover them, we have by these an idea of the thing as it is in itself; as is plain in artificial things. These I call primary qualities. Secondly, The power that is in any body, by reason of its insensible primary qualities, to operate after a peculiar manner on any of our senses, and thereby produce in us the different ideas of several colours, sounds, smells, tastes,&c. These are usually called sensible qualities. Thirdly, The power that is in any body, by reason of the particular constitution of its primary qualities, to make such a change in the bulk, figure, texture, and motion of another body, as to make it operate on our senses differently from what it did before. Thus the sun has a power to make wax white, and fire to make lead fluid. These are usually called powers. The first of these, as has been said, I think may be properly called real, original, or primary qualities; because they are in the things themselves, whether they are perceived or not: and upon their different modifications it is that the secondary qualities depend.(Locke. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II,Chapter VII, §23) The other two are only powers to act differently upon other things: which powers result from the different modifications of those primary qualities. (1)上段文字涉及洛克的何種理論觀點？請詳細說明此文字內容。（20%） (2)柏克萊如何批評上段洛克的理論？(15%) 3. 請分別說明洛克、柏克萊和休謨三位哲學家對「實體」(substance)概念的批判 與反省。(30%) 4. 請以下段文字的內容去仔細說明休謨對「因」「果」概念的分析。 ＂when we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connexion; any quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and reders the one an infallible consequece of the other. We only find, that the one does actually, in fact, follow the other. The impulse of one billiard-ball is attended with motion in the second. This is the whole that appears to the outwards senses. The mind feels no sentiment or inward impression from the succession of objects: Consequently, there is not, in any single, particular instance of cause and effect, anything which can suggest the idea of power or neseccary connexion.＂(Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding,VII,50) --

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