以下引用OED: 2. In form Mandarin. a. The form of the Chinese language formerly used by officials and educated people generally; any of the varieties of this used as a standard language in China, spec. the Northern variety, which forms the basis of putonghua (see PUTONGHUA n.). Cf. earlier Mandarin tongue, sense 5a and KUO-YU n. An important early European study of Mandarin was Francisco Varo's Arte de la Lengue Mandarina (1703), the earliest published grammar of any spoken form of Chinese. 1728 E. CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Their publick officers, as Notaries, Lawyers, Judges, and chief Magistrates, write and speak the Mandarin. 1731 N. BAILEY Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II, Mandarin, the language spoken by the Mandarins and in the court of China. 1788 GIBBON Decline & Fall IV. p. vii, We are pleased to blend the three Chinese monosyllables, Con-fu-tzee, in the respectable name of Confucius, or even to adopt the Portuguese corruption of Mandarin. 1860 J. R. EDKINS Chinese Scenes (1863) 165 My husband's knowledge of their language (the Mandarin). 1887 Chinese Times 11 June 502/1 The bishop's style, call it Wen li or Mandarin, is admirably clear and idiomatic. 1917 S. COULING Encycl. Sinica 143/1 Mandarin or Kuan hua is the spoken language of about two-thirds of China.There are three forms of it, spoken typically in Peking, Nanking and Chengtu... It would seem absurd to call mandarin a dialect, since it is the tongue of 250,000,000 people. 1966 Chambers's Encycl. III. 483/2 After the founding of the republic (1911), Mandarin, as p'ut'unghua (speech universally understood) or Kuoyii (the national language) was chosen as the standard language. 1994 N.Y. Times Mag. 27 Nov. 31/3 On Chinese television, he will do a rap song, in Cantonese and Mandarin. --

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