作者DREAMOY (ﰠ)
看板LifeSci_Work
標題[生物] 電顯~~
時間Mon Jan 17 20:13:20 2005
6.Point out the importance, application and data interpretation of the
following techniques, such as negative staining, shadowing, and
immunolabelling, etc.,for Molecular and Cell Biology
NEGATIVE STAINING
IMPORTANCE: 1.可以直接觀察物體的外型
2.不破壞樣品的表面.
3.樣品處理製作技術較簡單, 所要的樣品濃度很少, 卻有很高的解像力和對比度
APPLICATION: 觀察微小顆粒狀結構的樣品, 例如細菌, 病毒, 粒線體, 和蛋白質等, 而
樣品最好是一層膜或是分開的顆粒, 以防重疊到.
DATA INTERPRETATTION
要知道如何解釋經負染色後的玻片, 首先要知道其原理. .
在負染色中, 重金屬染劑沉積在物體外面, 使物體和其背景產生強烈的對比度. 由於生物
體組成元素多為分子量較小之, 因此電子穿透力較強. 而沉積於外面的重金屬有較大的原
子量, 對於電子的散射力較強, 電子不易透過. 所以電子多直接打到樣品. 而穿透電子的
多寡就直接代表其原子密度. 而且當電子穿透時並不會破壞染劑, 所以跟觀察結果不會影
響.
SHADOW CASTING:
IMPORTANCE:
是一種可以觀察物體立體結構的技術. 以此法製作的樣品, 除了可以顯現物體三度空間的
構造外, 更可判斷顆粒的形狀, 大小及高低.
Application:
投影又有分三種, 單向投影可使物體某一邊緣呈現陰影, 故在觀察時較有立體感, 但在
判斷物體之長寬或大小時較不易做精確之測量. 而另一種旋轉投影由於沒有明顯的陰影形
成, 可精確測量微細顆粒的直徑, 但相對損失了立體感, 很難判定物體高低的層次.
此法是將載有標本的銅網置於真空蒸著器,將金屬蒸發而由一個角度投射到標本上,如此
標本一邊有一層金屬,另一邊則無。在穿透式電子顯微鏡下,有金屬的一邊把電子束分散
而成暗背景,將標本襯出。如果知道金屬投射的角度及高度,則可計算出標本的厚度。另
外一方法是金屬蒸發投射到標本時,標本不斷作三百六十度旋轉,則金屬堆積於標本四周
,而使標本浮現出來。DNA分子的觀察就用此法,因為核酸分子寬度只有2nm,經此種旋轉
式金屬投影可增加其寬度,而能在電子顯微鏡下觀察
http://cryoem.berkeley.edu/~nieder/em_for_dummies/negative_stain.html
Immunolabeling
IMPORTANCE
讓動物組織與特定性抗體結合, 然後用非?的標記物與抗體結合, 以檢測樣品內有無特定
抗體.
APPLICATION:
Immunolabeling provides an added dimension over conventional
immunofluorescence staining techniques by allowing the investigator to
unambiguously identify the localization and distribution of proteins,
antigens, and other macromolecules of interest at an ultrastructural level.
DATA INTERPRETATION:
Using various techniques, dependent on the type of sample and antigen to be
immunolabeled, the primary antibody is exposed to the sample, thus adhering
to the target protein or antigen. After washing steps, a secondary gold
conjugate is exposed to the sample allowing for the adherence of the gold
particles to the primary antibody. After further processing, the sample is
examined in the electron microscope where the electron-dense gold particles
are easily seen, showing the location and distribution of the target antigen
or protein. Cells, tissues, and biologics in suspension can be immunolabeled
using various techniques.
Because of the uniqueness of each specimen and the specialized techniques
involved with Immuno-Electron Microscopy, the electron microscopy staff works
closely with the investigator to define the parameters of each study.
Contents
http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/negstain.html
http://www.arches.uga.edu/~howie/negative%20staining.htm
http://www.abionline.com/services/microscopy3FAQ.htm
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