這是另外一篇, 想請問有空的大大可以幫我們看嗎? 感謝~~^^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104755975 Kiss the cook — because she's responsible for most of human evolution, according to Harvard anthropologist Richard Wrangham. Wrangham talks with host Jacki Lyden about his new book, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- from虫 This news clip is about how cook makes us human. We can live on raw foods but cook can help change two things: 1. increase the proportion of nutrition in food that can be digested. 2. Make food easier to digest How cook changes us socially 1. It can soften the food to shorten the time we eat 2. Enforce ownership. Before cooking, we have to collect food first. So there goes the rule or regulations to prevent food from stolen 3. forms a new kind of society, allocate social roles women cook for men, men provide protection for food cook changes our social behavior. ============================================================================= from c Learning how to use tools obviously not differs we human beings from other animals, according to the host, because we observe that animals like elephants are able to use tools for the building of their fence. Harvard anthropologist Richard Wrangham claimed that it's cooking seperates human being from other creatures on the earth. First, human beings are biologically adapted to be feeded on food of high quality, which differs from raw food. The using of fire makes cooking possible to make food more nutritious by means of not only increasing the propostion of food which are easier to be digested by the enzyme or protein in our digest system but also softening the food to make the intake of food masier. Moreover, the softening of food saves us great time on our chewing on food and it's believed that we shorten the time on eating from 6 hours to half an hour. The cooking of food also has impacts on the evelopment of social aspect of human history. Cooking to some extent increase the ownership of food. One thing interesting to be mentioned by the anthropologist is, originally everyone cook food by his or her own, but later tougher males discover that it would be convenient for them to ask females or males of minor strength or power to cook for them. They bullied on smaller males and females. Gradually it become a tradition like females cooking food for males and what males provide females is the protection of food. ============================================================================= Host: We used to think using tools made human _____ come with spears, crawls used to stick for bugs. Elephant has been noted disable fences by drop rocks on them. What set you apart from the beasts? What does? That’s this week’s question on science out of the box. Host: One theory comes from Harvard anthropologist; he reaches out a new book “Catching Fire-how cooking made us human”. He’s with us now from Harvard. If I could … humans how could valve to depend on cooked food. Do you explain how cooking does make us human. A: Well, I mean the all thing is for years. We assume that because humans are animals, animals are designed to eat raw food; humans are designed to eat raw food, too. But as you look into it, you discover that extraordinary difficult to survive on raw food diet. You can only really do it if you happen to live in a modern urban society. Which you can get the very best of raw food that is domesticated by humans. Meanwhile, you can’t do it. So what is going on? It seems though human of biologically adapted to having a particular high quality of food and that high quality is produced by cooking. How does cooking make food more nutritious? It does two big things. One is the increases the proportion of the nutrients in the food that can be digested. And the other thing it does that basically by opening them up to be accessible to it ……,and …nature protein ,and … them, and exposing them to snipping ____. And the other thing it does is it makes food easier to digest by softening it or ____ the connective tissue in meat. Host: How did cooking begin? Would you say it started about 1.9 millions years ago? How they did change us socially. A: What the huge things it did was it increases the time available for us. Once you cook, it softens the food. And it means you can eat it very quickly. And this is really significant. We would spend 6 hours a day just chewing our food, spend all humans last another day to that suddenly frees up 5 more hours a day does another thing, too. Namely, go foods. Once you committed to cooking. Then you have to collect food, put them in a pile. Well, while you sitting that, somebody hasn’t got any food coming along stealing it…may social rules regulation be able to make sure that the system doesn’t fall apart from people just stealing. And I think this is very significant in generating what others think of us- the household we have, this regulated owner. And anyway, I think cooking can therefore be seemed as the dual level what happen originally. But I suppose take the argument that every individual cook their own food. But it wouldn’t take long for the tougher males to realize that they didn’t have to do this. Big male would bully the female or smaller males cooking for them. And that dynamic I think, can the argue lead to ultimately to marriage and … protection which means women cook for man and what men provide for women is protection of the food through a social arrangement. Here we got its amazing social rules that completely changed the relationship between social relationship and the food. Host: Lymann is the professor of biological department at Harvard University. Thanks so much for join us. --

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