普通心理學導讀第一章 封面人物：Tiger Woods #年輕即展露頭角 #非洲裔美國人 #佛教徒 #如何以心理學角度來解釋其成功之道？ What is Psychology? Psychology is the science of mental processes and behavior. Levels of Analysis 非洲民族Maasai 的例子 #Temperament: easy vs. difficult #Feed on demand #Difficult children survived but not easy ones #To consider three levels #The babies’ temperaments #The mothers’ beliefs about feeding #The Maassai’s culture History of Psychology #源自（哲學＋生理） #Renes Descartes #John Lock: 經驗論 #We only know the world via how it is represented in the mind 1.Structuralism (Wundt) Identify the building blocks of consciousness Used introspection (成分，規則，情況) Perceptions are created by combining sensations. 2.Gestalt psychology (Wertheimer) The whole is greater than the sum of its parts 3.Functionalism (James) Identify the ways the mind adapts to the world Influenced by Darwin’s ideas 心理學的不同派別 1.Psychodynamic theory (Freud) We are influenced by the unconscious mind We may try to suppress urges Psychoanalysis 2.Behaviorism (Skinner, Pavlov) The mind cannot be observed Behavior can be observed Science should study the observable Reinforcement Stimulus-response 3.Humanistic psychology (Rogers) Client-centered therapy We strive for self-actualization 4.The cognitive revolution (Newell, Simon) Developed in response to behaviorism Focus on information processing Computer metaphor Cognitive neuroscience--To specify how the brain stores and processes information 5.Evolutionary psychology (Tooby, Buss) The mind is a product of evolution Successful cognitive strategies survived Cultural universality 心理學家都做什麼 臨床心理學 工商心理學 認知知覺心理學 社會人格心理學 發展心理學 心理計量 --

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