1.Please describe at least two stages of HIV-1 replication cycle in which antiviral drugs can be designed for therapeutic purpose and list the types of drugs currently in use? 1.reverse transcriptase inhibitor: Efavirenz 2.protease inhibitor: Indinavir 3.fusion inhibitor: Enfuvirtide 2.Please describe how bacteria, viruses and tumors (pick one to answer) can evade host immune responses. a.virus HCV: block PKR, 使IFNα/β功能失效 HSV: 阻斷TAP傳遞peptide,阻擾antigen presentation CMV, Adendovirus: 使MHC class I downexpression, 阻擾antigen presentation CMV, HIV, measles: 使MHC class II downexpression, CD4 cell 減少 influenza virus: continuos antigen change b.bacteria secret protease to cleave secretory IgA dimers production of surface structure to inhibit phagocytosis(M protein polysaccharide capsule) secret elastase to inactivate C3a C5a secret hyaluronidase to enhance invasiveness c.tumor anti-tumor antibody enhance tumor growth antibodies can modulate tumor antigens tumor cells express low level of MHC class I tumor cells provide poor co-stimulatory signals 3.Cancer formation is a multi-step process. Please give examples for three categories of cancer-associated genes. 1.cell proliferation: myc ras 2.tumor supressor gene: p53 Rb APC 3.programmed cell death: bcl-2 --

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