http://blog.pixnet.net/qzpm/post/11003285 毒蛇咬伤的危险因子，决定动物於本身的体重及健康状态，还有被咬的蛇是属於哪种毒，及 被咬的部位，还有被咬的蛇的大小品种都有关系及治疗时间的快或慢，这些条件都会和治疗 成果有关系，如果被咬在头部接近脸部、心脏部位它的死亡时间都会比较快，在四肢的话就 会比较延缓。蛇毒有分成神经毒和溶血毒。神经毒的话，像眼镜蛇、雨伞结这类是属於神经 毒。溶血毒的话像龟壳花、青竹丝、百步蛇是属於溶血毒，锁链蛇是溶血和神经毒混合。 症状 出血性毒蛇 伤口灼痛、局部肿胀并扩散、起水泡、淤斑、紫斑、浆液血由伤口渗出、皮肤或皮下组织坏 死 、恶心、发烧、呕吐、血痰、七孔流血、瞳孔缩小、血尿、低血压、抽搐、痉挛。6~48 小时之内死亡。 神经性毒蛇 伤口疼痛、局部肿胀、嗜睡、运动神经失调、眼睑下垂、瞳孔散大、局部无力、颚咽麻痹、 口吃、垂涎、恶心、呕吐、昏迷、呼吸困难、呼吸衰竭。8~72小时之内死亡。 被蛇咬伤的处理 1. 不要去追打蛇，最好先观察是哪一种蛇，通常毒蛇头部多呈三角形(但雨伞节和海蛇的 头部为椭圆形)，瞳孔可呈直线且花纹鲜艳，有大毒牙。记下蛇的特徵，有相机就拍下 来以便监别。 2. 让病畜安静下来，安抚牠使其安静下来。 3. 赶快找到被咬伤的部分。 4. 如果是四肢咬到伤口上方两寸用丝巾或止血带绑起来，力道和我们要抽血时使用止血带 绑住一样，不要让血流很快流回心脏，尽量把血由伤口挤出来。 5. 不要把伤口扩大。 6. 伤口尽量保持乾净，可以用清水跟肥皂清洗。 7. 不要用嘴巴去吸伤口的污血，万一嘴巴破掉不知道的话可能会因此自己中毒。 8. 伤口不要热敷或冰敷。 9. 赶快送医院，动物医院一般没有血清，要到人的医院购买，血清不分人和动物都可以使 用，平常应该先询问你家附近有哪间医院有血清，以备不时之需，如果不知道被咬的蛇 种，可能需要买多力价的混合血清，买到血清後赶快到动物医院救治，在打血清的时候 如果被咬到的部位两个小时以内，可以一半打在被咬的部份，一半静脉注射，如果超过 两个小时打局部可能没什麽作用，那只好打血管，每两个小时依病情可以追加血清剂量 有可能会打到十几瓶，所以买的时候不要只买一瓶。除了注射血清也要点滴和一些必要 的药物，血清有的会过敏应该做过敏测试，一旦有过敏要治疗过敏而不是停止给血清。 Reference: http://www.royalah.com/modules/articles/article.php?id=12 特别提醒如果宠物被毒蛇咬伤，就医前应先连络疾病管制局询问何处可取得毒蛇血清。 (可参考：http://topvet.topet.net/attachment_1.htm上的资料) =============================================================================== Snake Bites Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc. Snake venom Most snake bites are from pit vipers, which are poisonous snakes that are identified by their triangular heads, retractable fangs, and a special heat-sensing pit between the eye and nostril. North American pit vipers include five subspecies of copperheads, three subspecies of water moccasins, three subspecies of pygmy rattlesnakes, three subspecies of massauga, and at least 26 subspecies of rattlesnakes. Water moccasins and copperheads are found in the eastern United States and southward through Texas. Rattlesnakes are found throughout the contiguous United States, with the highest concentration in the south and southwest. General Information Snake bites tend to occur on the pet's head or neck. Bites involving the trunk of the body have a poorer prognosis. Snake bites may affect one or more body systems including the cardiopulmonary system, the nervous system, or the coagulation system. Usually, if the snake is not poisonous or the venom was not injected, the pain, swelling, and bruising at the bite site will be minimal. Toxic Dose Varies. Envenomation does not always occur. The severity of envenomation is related to the time of the year, the volume of venom present in the snake, the location of the bite, the number of bites, and the amount of victim movement after the bite (movement increases the spread of the venom). The amount of venom is not related to the size of the snake. Systemic signs such as kidney damage may take 24-72 hours to develop in mild envenomations, so the animal should be observed closely for several days. Signs May see one, two, or several small puncture wounds, bleeding, bruising, immediate and extremely painful swelling at the site of the bite, and tissue necrosis. The more severe systemic signs may take up to several hours to appear and include hypotension and shock, lethargy and weakness, muscle tremors, nausea, vomiting, and neurological signs including depressed respiration. Immediate Action Identify the snake if possible. Restrict movement of the pet. Loosely immobilize the limb in a functional position if bitten on an extremity. DO NOT incise the bite wound to aspirate the venom and DO NOT apply a tourniquet without veterinary assistance. DO NOT apply ice to the area. Seek veterinary attention. Veterinary Care General treatment: The animal will be kept quiet and the bitten area immobilized if possible to decrease the spread of the venom. The area around the wound will be clipped and cleaned. Supportive treatment: Antihistamines may be administered and IV fluids given to help prevent low blood pressure. Oxygen is given if needed. Antibiotics are used to prevent secondary infections. Pain medication is provided as necessary. Laboratory tests to check for bleeding problems and organ damage will be performed repeatedly. Blood transfusions may be necessary in cases of severe coagulopathies. The area above and below the bite wounds may be measured every 15 minutes to monitor the edema. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated in the early phase (first 24 hours) of treatment because of the different types of venom and the anticoagulant effects of NSAIDs. The use of corticosteroids may be contraindicated also, as some research shows they increase the severity of the bite. Specific treatment: Antivenin* may be administered. The use of antivenin is controversial and is used at the discretion of the attending veterinarian. To be most effective, antivenin should be given within 4 hours of the bite. It becomes less effective as more time passes. All snake bite victims should be observed for a minimum of 12 hours, even when there are no clinical signs. If clinical signs are present, the length of observation is increased to 48-72 hours, as damage to organs may not appear immediately. Prognosis A study of animals bitten by pit vipers showed that those treated with antivenin, intravenous fluids, and antibiotics had a mortality rate less than 1% and local tissue damage was rare. The mortality rate in untreated patients depended on the species of snake involved. For example, in patients bitten by the Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes, the mortality rate was about 10%. In the much more dangerous Mojave rattlesnake, it could be as high as 35%. *Two companies, Fort Dodge and Wyeth Ayerst Laboratories produce antivenin. Veterinary clinics and human hospitals in areas that have a high population of pit vipers have this product on hand. Many owners want to carry this product with them, but because of the intravenous administration and instability of the product, it is recommended that a veterinarian give it. Reference: http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=1&cat=1415&articleid=478 ============================================================================== 顺便附上，如果是人被蛇咬到，该如何做? (其实大同小异) 被蛇咬後的处置分成九要和四不要。 　 九要： 1.要保持冷静：保持冷静是活命的唯一法则，因为毒性发作需要一段时间，勿因慌乱而延 误就医时机。 2.要尽量吸出或挤出毒液：毒液属蛋白成份，只要嘴部没有伤口，即使吃进毒液，也不会 对人体造成伤害，因此要尽快吸出毒液。 3.要脱下手表和首饰：蛇咬後伤口会迅速肿胀，所以要取下手表与首饰等物品，以防止更 大的伤害。 4.要记录被咬时间：伤口肿胀速度就是毒液量多寡的最佳判断指标。 5.要将咬伤部位放低於心脏位置，如此可以减缓毒性发作时间。 6.要尽速送医：尽速至医院施打抗蛇毒血清，这是抑制毒发的唯一办法。 7.要尽速将毒牙移开：尤其是神经性毒蛇，如雨伞节和眼镜蛇等，因为它们的毒牙短小， 毒液量多寡和咬住时间成正比。 8.要尽量记住蛇的特症：可以有效帮助医师监别是否为毒蛇，以正确施打抗蛇毒血清，争 取治疗时间。 9.要打破伤风，以防止其他可能的感染。 　 四不要： 1.不要割伤口：割伤口只会让伤口更加恶化，甚至造成死亡。 2.不要用弹性绷带：使用弹性绷带会将伤口局限於小面积，反而加重该部位之伤势。 3.不要喝酒：酒精会促进血液循环，促使毒性更快发作。 4.不要冰敷：冰敷是造成截肢的主因。 -- http://blog.pixnet.net/qzpm 这是我个人的部落格，里面有qzpm发表过的文章，欢迎来参观。 如果有医疗或是饲养上的问题，也欢迎一起来讨论和研究。 --

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